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Higher Geography - All > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain what a Census is

A
  • In the UK, a census is taken on a single day, usually the third sunday of April once every 10 years. By law, everyone must take part.
  • The info that is asked about each individual can be about your age, sex, occupation, birthplace, lifestyle, health and ethnic origin
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2
Q

What is Civil Registration?

A
  • Events such as births, marriages and deaths must be registered by law in the UK.
  • This means data that was collected in a census can be updated and changes changed be monitored.
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3
Q

What is Sampling?

A
  • Population surveys are conducted to gather social and economic data, and can be conducted at regional, national or international levels.
  • e.g The Scottish Household Survey
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4
Q

What is Government Records?

A
  • Information on migration may be gathered from visa applications or Borders Agency.
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5
Q

What are the other ways countries can gather population data?

A
  • Data from electoral roll and NHS records allows population data to be updated in between census collection.
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6
Q

Why are language barriers a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • Countries with many official languages have to translate their census forms and employ translators who can speak multiple languages
  • For example, India has 22 official languages
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7
Q

Why are low literacy levels a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • Many people cant read or write, and therefore are unable to complete the forms or might make mistakes unintentionally.
  • For example Chad has a literacy rate of 22.3%
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8
Q

Why is the size of the population a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • The sheer size of some population make it very difficult to conduct a census.
  • For example China and India have populations of 1.4 billion.
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9
Q

Why is inaccessibility a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • The poor infrastructure and difficult terrain make it hard for people to deliver the census forms.
  • For example, in the Amazon Rainforest.
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10
Q

Why are wars a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • Conflict can make it too dangerous for enumerators to enter.
  • For example, Ukraine from the recent Russian invasion, where data can easily be outdated from people leaving the country.
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11
Q

Why is cost a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • Undertaking the census is a very expensive process, even for developed countries.
  • In developing countries there may be higher priorities for spending, including housing, education and healthcare.
  • For example the 2022 Scottish Census was estimated to cost £117M.
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12
Q

Why is migration a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • Rapid rural to urban migration, can make it difficult to gather accurate population data as data will become outdated very quickly.
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13
Q

Why are Shanty Towns a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • Many people in developing countries may be living in Shanty Towns, or are homeless so have no official address, making it difficult to count them.
  • An example of a shanty town is Dharavi.
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14
Q

Why are illegal immigrants a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • People who are illegal immigrants are unlikely to complete a census for the fear of deportation, leading to inaccurate population data.
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15
Q

Why is lying/fear of persecution a difficulty to collecting census data?

A
  • People may lie especially within countries who do not support lesbian gay or certain religions within their country due to fear of persecution.
  • Zimbabwe is an example of a country where it is illegal since 1981 to be apart of the LGBTQ.
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16
Q

What are 3 problems of an aging population?
(working, less demand, dependency)

A
  • In a country such as Scotland, an aging population implies a high dependency rate.
  • In Britian there is a concern there is not enough people of working age - leading to shortages.
  • There is less demand for services such as maternity healthcare and primary/nursery education.
17
Q

What are 2 problems of an aging population? (2)

A
  • Older people increasingly provide substantial child support for grandchildren.
  • There will be a greater need for geriatric care, which leads to extra costs for individuals, local authorities and governments.
  • They may also have to prove meals on wheels and sheltered housing.
18
Q

What is a problem of an aging population? (3)

A
  • It becomes difficult for governments to provide satisfactory pensions, which are funded by the working population.
  • This may mean that the government might have to increase taxes to meet the short fall.
19
Q

What are 4 problems of an aging population? (things kids need)

A
  • There is no need for schools and school teachers
  • Industries which provide products for children, for example pram manufacturers may suffer
  • In the long term, companies may have difficulty recruiting young workers.
  • The economically active group gets smaller and smaller and has to support growing dependent population.
20
Q

What are 3 solutions to deal with an aging population?

A
  • The retirement age could be increased to deal with cost issues, not often what the population want.
  • Increasing tax to the working economy, which could then lead to migration of skilled workers.
  • Young people planning their retirement early in their working life.
21
Q

What are the consequences of a youthful population?
(housing + national income)

A
  • A high proportion of national income will be spent on education and child healthcare.
  • Lack of housing will lead to overcrowding and in the future lead to the development of Shanty Towns
22
Q

What are the consequences of a youthful population? working + high rates

A
  • The youthful population will move to the working economy, meaning jobs, houses, healthcare and power will have to be provided.
  • It can lead to high rates of unemployment when all the kids grow up and look for jobs.
23
Q

What are the consequences of a youthful population? (3)

A
  • Significant funding for maternity hospitals will be required as well as vaccination and immunisation programs.
  • If healthcare, water and food availability begins to improve, the country may have to provide geriatric care which will be costly.
24
Q

What are the solutions of a youthful population?

A
  • Introduce contraception and family planning = often difficult and costly for developing countries
  • Introduce policies such as China’s One Child Policy = can lead to illegal murdering of babies born female.
25
Q

What are the solutions of a youthful population? (2)

A
  • Introduce basic healthcare to limit the number of babies who die at birth = usually done through charities.
  • Provide incentives such as less tax or free healthcare to women who have a lower number of children.
26
Q

What are the solutions of a youthful population? (3)

A
  • Encourage women into work or further education = this could lead to migration of women, reducing population numbers
27
Q

What are the Push Factors for Poland to Scotland?

A
  • In 2004, unemployment in Poland was at 20%.
  • Wages in Poland were 1/3 of Scotland’s.
  • State benefits are very low in Poland compared to Scotland’s
  • An acute shortage of housing in Poland meant that young couples had to live with their parents.
28
Q

What are the Pull Factors for Poland to Scotland?

A
  • The ease of migration to the UK.
  • There was a positive currency exchange rate.
  • There was plenty of available jobs such as construction workers and trades.
  • In the UK it was common to earn more than enough to live on and have money to send back to Poland.
29
Q

What are the impacts on Scotland from Poland?

A
  • Polish workers may be exploited by employers.
  • There may be increased demand on the NHS.
  • Education may become strained due to the number of children who’s first language isn’t English.
30
Q

What are the impacts on Scotland from Poland? (2)

A
  • May lead to the development of overcrowded, multi-occupancy accommodation due to the pressure on housing in certain areas.
  • The language barrier + cultural differences can read to racist tension with ethnic groups, tending to not integrate, adding to this tension.
31
Q

What are the impacts on Poland from people emigrating to Scotland?

A
  • Fewer people = less pressure on limited resources: good quality housing and healthcare allowing living standards to better.
  • This will also reduce the unemployment rates for the country and migrants return with new skills.
32
Q

What are the impacts on Poland due to people moving to Scotland? (2)

A
  • Birth rate is lowered as male migrants are away so there will be a decline in population further reducing strain on resources.
  • Migrants send money to their families meaning people have money in Poland to help improve the standard of living.
33
Q

What are some push factors about Syrians moving to the UK (1)

A
  • There was very little access to food or water prior to a drought in 2011
  • By August 2014, 6.5 million people had been displaced in Syria by the Civil War
  • There was little to no healthcare as hospitals had been destroyed and there was huge problems with disease.
34
Q

What are some push factors about Syrians moving to the UK (2)

A
  • There was little to no education, leaving high rates of illiteracy among young people - this could impact future development.
  • Amnesty International states that 3 million Syrian children have not attended school in the past few years. This will lead to development issues as few people will be educated.
35
Q

What are some pull factors about Syrians moving to the UK

A
  • UK can offer a place of safety.
  • UK was one of the many countries that accepted Syrian refugees. They were able to offer asylum money to many families.
  • Education, healthcare and housing are readily available + free at a point of contact.
  • People would be able to claim benefits to help with clothing + food until they managed to find employment.
36
Q

What is the impact of Syria due to forced migration? (1)

A
  • Massive population loss of 12 million refugees forced to move.
  • The UN estimated 250,000 Syrians have died over the last 4 years.
  • There has been destruction of the infrastructure, education, health and industry in many cities such as Damascus.
37
Q

What are some of the problems for Scotland when Syrian citizens migrate to the country?

A
  • The language barrier + cultural differences can lead to racial tension with ethnic groups tending not to integrate which could add to the tension.
  • May lead to the development of overcrowded, multi-occupancy accommodations due to the demand for housing.
38
Q

What is a push factors about Syrians moving to the UK

A
  • Total collapse of the local economy. The value of the Syrian trade in 2010 was 2.73B - in 2014 it is 0.7B.

Higher Geography - All (11 decks)

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