Popular Old Diets Flashcards
Characteristic types of weight loss diets
Nutritionally balanced (>1200 kcal)
- unrestricted kcal (liquid)
- restricted kcal (mix low kcal diet - more palatable or liquid)
Nutritionally unbalanced (800-1200 kcal) LCHF/P or LFHC/P
- altered macronutrient proportions or specific foods
Calorically dilute: high fiber, low fat
Fasting/semi-fasting VLCD (<500 kcal or <600-800 kcal)
- protein or protein/CHO mix to spare LBM? And go ketosis
High/fat low CHO diet names:
Moderate/balanced fat diets:
Very low fat diets:
Food combining diet:
High/fat low CHO diet names: Carb addict’s, protein power and Atkins
Moderate/balanced fat diets: Weight watchers, Volumetrics
Very low fat diets: Ornish-eat more weigh less/Pritikin Principle
Food combining diet: Montignac
Program/claim red flags
Lose >1kg/week without cutting kcal or increasing PA or lose > 1-2kg/week for over 4 weeks
Lose weight + eating high kcal foods
Permanent weight loss
OTC products blocking absorption
Products worn or rubbed on skin
Suitable for anyone
Nutrients of concern and consequences of cutting out: milk products, meat/alternatives, F&V, and grain products
Milk: Ca, vit D, B2, protein —> bone pain, muscle weakness
Meat/alternatives: protein, iron, zinc —> hair loss, dry hair/skin, fatigue, anemia
F&V: antioxidants, fiber, vitamins and minerals —> constipation and bleeding gums
Grains: CHO, B vitamins and fiber —> constipation and lack of energy
High fat/low CHO diet names, Atkins and rationale
High/fat low CHO diet names: Carb addict’s, protein power, Atkins and Keto diet (new-ish)
Rationale: chronic high insulin —> insulin resistance
Decrease I/G ratio to shift into fat burning mode - determined by blood sugar which can be regulated through food choice
Atkins diet descriptions/phases, potential harms and benefits
Many versions over the years of Atkins: originally 60ish% fat
Atkins phase 1: veg, protein, healthy fats (nuts/seeds) and cheeses
Phase 2: add low sugar fruits, dairy, legumes and tomato
Phase 3: Add additional fruit, starchy veg and whole grains (50-80g CHO)
Phase 4: 80-100g CHO
Harms: high in saturated fats —> CVD risk?
Low in fiber and B vitamins
Benefits: low in added sugars, may improve diet quality, reduced kcal for most and reduced serum TAGs
Keto diet description and rationale
1920 therapeutic diet for children with epilepsy
90% fat (60% from MCT) or 4:1 ratio fat:CHO/protein
Rationale: low carb —> low insulin —> promotes reliance on fat for energy and should cause suppression of appetite to sustain over time
6-12% CHO (<35-50g for ketosis), 60-70% fat, 20-30% protein
- No grains, fruits, starchy veg, or added sugars
Did not perform for weight loss compared to subcaloric mixed diet + significant water loss at first
Keto diet side effects short and long term
No long term research on mortality or CVD risk (because not many people can stay on diet - intake increases over time)
Short term: constipation, halitosis, cramps, headache, diarrhea, weakness, rash, irritability, insomnia, lower exercise tolerance and hyperuricemia
Longer term: elevated LDL-C, water soluble vit def, carnitine deficiency (overuse of enzyme), renal stones, acidosis, optic neuropathy (B1 def)
Epileptic children: growth inhibition, lower bone density and growth
Ornish Diet about and rationale
Harms and benefits
Pritikin Principle - Eat more weigh less
Low fat, high CHO diet
- Cuts out all fatty foods, simple sugars, alcohol and fat-dairy products
Lifestyle heart trial: CHD can be reversed + weight loss as secondary, and fat more readily converted to fat
Low fat + high fiber meals to promote fullness, increase metabolism and prolong life
Harms: low fat-soluble vitamins/EFAs, high sugar, potential weight gain
Benefits: may improve diet quality, reduced kcal for many, improved TAGs + CVD risk
Volumetrics about + rationale
Balanced diet: Emphasizes larger portions of low kcal foods at different kcal intakes w/o set menu
Rationale: principle of energy density (kcal/g) - based on a reasonable concept with weird EE equation
- weight x factor (12-17) = energy for weight maintenance
Montignac diet about and rationale and phases
Balanced diet: separates CHO into good and bad CHO and uses glycemic index to control insulin levels
Rationale: hyperinsulinemia is cause of obesity and T2D
- insulin causes fat deposition BUT only if CHO eaten with fats
Involves calculation of using age, gender, food history, genetics and BMI to determine rate of weight loss
Phase I weight loss w/ very low GI, phase II (controlled freedom) with higher GI + compensation and .5 bottle of wine allowed per lunch
Conclusions on diets and adverse effects of severe dieting
No education, poor long-term adherence and risk of weight regain, nutrient deficiencies, unknown CVD risk (high fat diets)
Gallstones, osteoporosis, weight cycling favoring weight regain and ED (and self confidence)
Absolute, relative and cautionary contraindications for VLCD
Absolute contraindications: malignant arrhythmias, unstable angina, protein wasting diseases/drugs, organ failure, BMI < 27, pregnancy/lactation
Relative contraindications: congestive heart failure, diuretics, adrenergic stimulators, history of failed compliance, BMI <30, substance abuse
Cautions: angina, systemic disease, psychiatric/emotion disorders, chronic drug therapy
