POP CULTURE, ADMIN, FACTORS ETC 1945-1967 Flashcards
andrew cohen
- claimed that africa would NOT be decolonised for another generation due to civilisation
1947 = sec of state for africa in colonial office - 1947 = cohen report
- 1953 = proposed the central african federation for admin (south, north rhodesia + nyasaland)
- 1952 = governor of uganda - promote african political engagement
*attitude of centralised british control and really trying to tighten british grip over east africa - use civilising as a justification
- sympathetic and supported the need for decolonisation
1947 report by cohen
cohen report
- proposed the idea of gradual change within africa so these territories could emerge as independent
describe cohen’s governance in uganda / relations w kabaka
- proposes a federation of east africa
- kabaka (nationalist) demands separation from uganda
- cohen DEPORTS kabaka
- this triggers immense nationalism + cohen declares state of emergency
- kabaka is restored as leader
arden clarke
1949 - becomes governor of the gold coast
1951 - advocates for nkrumah to be released in jail - appease to diffuse riots
1952 - nkrumah becomes PM + clarke works with him
1956 - planned to promote independence, but delays the timeline to prove that nkrumah had the national vote + to ensure adequate public support
governing philosophy of arden clarke
- supported self rule by providing the institutions to promote it
- promoted co-operation among nationalists (unlike other administrators) - ie between nkrumah and ashanti peoples
- peace > political suppression
armitage (very brief)
- governor of cyprus until 1955
- attempted assassination in 1955 - asked for a state of emergency = refused
- felt the state of emergency in nyasaland was to exaggerative
- rejects reforms proposed by hastings banda for constitutional reform + african representation
macpherson + governing philosophy
- proposed the macpherson constitution of 1951 in nigeria (185 seat house of reps)
- governor general of nigera in 1955
- proposed a more liberal state of decolonising in promoting african political participation
- believed in access points for locals in government
- believed in co-operation between federal gov + local gov
nationalist figures / groups in asia:
- india
- malaya
- singapore
- burma
- palestine
- aden
india:
- nehru
- jinnah
- gandhi
singapore:
- lee kwan yew
- lim yew hock
burma:
- aung san + AFPFL
palestine:
- haganah
- stern group
aden:
- FLOSY
- NLF
nationalist figures / groups in africa:
- nigeria
- sierra leone
- uganda
- kenya
- nyasaland
- north + south rhodesia
- gold coast
nigeria:
- azikewe
uganda:
- kabaka
kenya:
- kenyatta
nyasaland:
- hastings banda
north rhodesia:
- kaunda
south rhodesia:
- ian smith
- rhodesian front party
gold coast:
- nkrumah
winds of change speech
1960
by macmillan in south africa
- british realisation that empire could not be sustained due to national consciousness
- ‘white’ and ‘elite’ rule was no longer legitimate
- britain claimed it wanted to maintain diplomatic ties w colonies - the way todo this is through decolonization
- change to conserve
- collaboration w nationalist movement
- displays british desire to decolonise to collaborate w ex-empire to prevent a drift to communism
- recognition that empire was tarnished by media - need to solve this
colonies decolonised post winds of change speech
1961 = sierra leone
tanganyika = 1961
nigeria = 1960
cyprus = 1960
gambian poultry scheme
- aimed to produce 20 million eggs from 1949 + 1 million pounds of dressed poultry
- planned to sell timber to obtain poultry feed and increase egg production
- aimed to improve gambia’s agriculture industry by growing local produce
key stats:
- before the war, britain required 80,000 tonnes of eggs a year
- over 1000 chicks were flown to gambia
- the scheme only produced 28,000 eggs and 34,000 pounds of meat
tanganyika groundnut scheme
- introduced in 1947
- wasted / cost over $47 million
- aimed to farm 3 million acres of land for nut growth
- in 2 years, only 46,000 acres were farmed at a cost of 21 million
- it was supposed to farm 600,000 acres at 6 million
- british stopped it in 1951
malta harbour scheme
- introduction of a new dredger into the harbour to clear the harbours and remove slit and mud
- this would allow shipping in deeper areas and more accessibility
- it was the most extensive dredging scheme since 1939
key stats:
- cost around 80,000 pounds
- over 300 tonnes
did it succeed?
- yes, it created much deeper shipping areas and introduced tangible changes (trade access)
evidence of anti-immigrant british popular attitudes
legislation on immigration post WWII
1948 = british nationalities act
- allowed anyone within empire to become a british citizen (encourage immigration for ppl in empire to take lower order jobs / services - but failed to control immigration)
1962 = commonwealth immigration act
evidence of positive british popular attitudes to empire
royal tour 1961
- queen elizabeth tours africa
- famous picture of her dancing
with nkrumah - displays co-operation + ‘one among equals’ idea
*was a diplomatic visit to re-establish political relations to keep ghana in a constitutional monarchy to prevent it from drifting to the communists
why did the gambian scheme fail
- no, the CDC planned to export the goods in feb, which missed the optimum price time
- there was a breakdown in leadership with the Colonial Development Committee
- attained major backlash from domestic farmers because it imposed key restrictions
- there was a breakdown in communication between the two committees leading the initiative
- it was too expensive - chicken feed had to be imported and it would cost almost $14,000
colonial development and welfare acts 1945, 1950 etc and 1952
- introduced $120 million to invest in empire in 10 years
- aimed to make colonies more profitable and fix problems from WWII
- maintain economics bonds of empire
- britain was relying on colonies to offset and rebuild its economic problems post-war
- expanding economic prospects into africa + make it able to supply british economic demands
- alleviate post-war difficulties
tse tse fly scheme
- aimed to eradicate tse tse flies in bechuanaland because they were impacting livestock
british economic impact post WWII
- rationing
- sugar, potatoes = not ended until 1953 (lack security) - trade
- trying to trade w europe
- war focused and war conc economy
- 54% merchant fleed = laid off - economic crisis
- 1947 + 1966 stirling crisis
- austerity measures
- in debt to inda (1.3 billion)
- 1/3 overseas assets sold
