AFRICA COLONIAL AND NATIVE POLICY Flashcards
list / describe the repressive policies adopted in northern africa by the british
- policies responding to denshawai in 1906
- the relegation law imposed by gorst
list / describe the policies of concession adopted in northern africa by the british
- construction of aswan dam 1902
- cape to cairo railway construction
- promoting the nationalist party, founded in 1881 and revitalised in 1893
- all done under cromer
describe the construction of the aswan dam
- constructed in 1902 in egypt
- it cost over 2 million pounds to build
- irrigated over a million acres of farmland - expanded cotton production and led to a more prosperous and expansive economy
describe the educational initiatives and policies introduced in egypt and sudan from 1880s to 1914
- 1908 = university of cairo established
- french and english languages were emphasised as the key languages - creating a more insular and western society – there was supervision on teaching arabic and local languages
- however, school teaching was typically capped at primary school teaching - the government was sceptical to providing advanced secondary level education, due to fear of an uprising and the exponential growth of nationalist risings
- promoted the teaching of sciences and european morals
- gordon college in 1902 in khartoum, which would train sudanese people about administration
- introduction of a ‘european code’ which promoted ideas of property
describe the political reforms made under in egypt (1882-1914)
- 1913 = establishment of the egyptian legislative assembly
- the use of british advisors in the political sphere - increase from 100-1000 within 20 years 1885-1905
- cromer promoted the Egyptian National Party in 1882 - gave a voice to nationalist campaigns and symbolised a step toward supporting nationalist campaigns
- cromer appointed Pasha as a minister for education (despite creating a political elite and heirarchy in society, it aimed to introduce more political and local representation in government - appeasement)
describe british advisors in egypt and the significance of this policy
- each egyptian government minister had a british advisor, of which if they rejected their interference and advice could be fired
- displays the overarching influence and control that the british could indirectly assert in egypt
- the actions and policies created in egypt were dictated by the british - background influence
- in 1885, there were only 100 of them, by 1905, there were 1000 of them
bullet point policies in egypt introduced under comer / baring
- promoting the egyptian national party
- policies to respond to the denshawai massacre of 1906
- construction of the aswan dam 1902
bullet point policies in egypt introduced under gorst, and describe these policies
- gorst relegation law 1909 - imposed the potential imprisonment of criminals without trial
- 1909 - gorst proposes to delay the handing back of shares to the suez canal
give the dates for the tenure of cromer, kitchner gorst in egypt
cromer = 1883-1907
gorst = 1907-1911
kitchner = 1911-1914
describe how the denshawai massacre was dealt with
- british were practicing pigeon shooting, when a british solider shot the wife of a muslim prayer leader
- 52 villages were arrested, 26 given terms of hard labour - more repressive measures to enforce discipline
- british refuse to take accountability, however, the event exponentially increases anti-british sentiment
- the british hold court sessions and trials, but only in english, failing to give locals adequate and fair trials
- the british seized livestock and farmland from locals
*however, the british were forced to pivot on such harsh measures after gorst came into power
describe the economic policies introduced to egypt to help boost its economy from 1882-1914
- investment in irrigation schemes (ie aswan dam) boosted cotton and sugar production by 3x - this improved communication routes and egypt’s global economic abilities and make egypt’s economy more global
- caisse de la dette - an international group, consisting of france, britain, russia etc, all of which prioritised egypt repaying its debts over spending
describe the creation of an egyptian legislative assembly in 1913
- consisted of 66 elected members and 17 appointed nominees
- created a new political elite by representing the rich landowners, instead of ordinary people
- more democratic elements in government - creates more of a bridge between the british and those they will rule
describe cromer’s reforms to the egyptian military, and what was the motivation behind this
- placed 6000 british troops within the egyptian military to expand british control and dominance in 1894
- symbolised the emphasis placed on the military by the british, the british wanted to enforce their strength of control
- the british wanted to protect their investments and interests within the suez canal given the immense investments made by disraeli in 1875
- idea of overarching economic interests - protect avenues of trade to india
how did britain not advance egypt in an economic sense
- the largest industry in egypt was cotton, of which the british failed to prioritise, because they constantly placed emphasis on the lancashire cotton industry and the british domestic economy, which undermined egyptian interests
- focus on domestic interest over foreign interests weakened relations
when were the following chartered companies founded:
1. national african company
2. imperial british east africa company
3. british south africa company
4. imperial federation league
5. kimberly diamond syndicate
- national african company - 1886
- imperial british east africa company - 1888
- british south africa company - 1889
- imperial federation league - 1884
- kimberly diamond syndicate - 1890
describe the differences in approach to policy of gorst and cromer
- gorst was more focused on more dominance and control
- he tried to use government representation to appease nationalist parties and weaken the strength these nationalist parties had over the general public
- cromer was more based on trying to achieve a balance of power, and his policies meant he could not exert as much control, and lacked strength, which undermined law and order
bullet point policies introduced in egypt under Kitchner (1911-1914)
- egypt was declared a formal protectorate under the british empire
- introduction of the new legislative assembly
describe british colonial policies when they initially became involved in egypt in 1882
- gladstone sends troops (esp from india) to alexandria in egypt in 1882 to fight against arabi pasha, who held a nationalist revolt against tewfiq’s government, because it was too pro-british
- the british retake cairo from nationalist rule and restore Tewfiq as a puppet ruler
- the convention of london in 1885 consolidated british rule over egypt, in creating a degree of financial dependency - establishes the idea of a veiled protectorate
describe the omdurman and fashoda incidents of 1898 and their consequences
- there was a mahdist uprising, who wanted to liberate sudan from outside influence
- in 1882, they captured khartoum, and the british retaliate in 1883
- gordon dies and orders the retreat of british from sudan
fashoda:
- the french attempt to capture a fort at fashoda in western sudan
- the fighting between the french and british forces the french to back down and agree to let sudan be a british sphere of influence and condominium
- led to the 1904 entente cordiale, as the french agree to respect british rights in egypt for exchange in morocco
omdurman:
1898
- battle between sudanese (khalifah’s army) and the british, over the attempted british conquest in sudan, after the french allowed them access to fashoda
- the british win in this battle, and raise a flag over khartoum to declare their dominance over sudan
- 11,000 were killed
similarities and differences between colonial administration and policy in india and africa
similarities:
1. a degree of indirect rule – india would be ruled through maharajahs, yet would have a viceroy, and egypt would have a controller-general
2. reliant on press censorship - recognition of the threat of nationalism
3. incorporate nationalists in government - recognition of the need to appease
differences:
1. the british act much quicker to impose control in egypt and africa - recognition of interests and how quickly this can be amplified out of control
2. british are less cautious in africa, more cautious in india – because of higher education rates in india
describe british attitudes in egypt
- enforcing western civilisation and imposing the enlightenment – supposed superiority
- thought that british religious values were synonymous with freedom – automatically inferior
- dismissive of islam and local culture
- wanted to help rebuild the financial situation and create much more sophisticated infrastructure – patronising
describe the british destruction of the mahdist tomb
1898
- when britain defeated the mahdist army in 1898 after the battle of omdurman, the mahdist tomb was destroyed
- displayed forcibly removing any nationalist affiliation
- sparked controversy over the nature of british rule
describe the nature of british colonial policies in west africa by lugard
- lugard adopted the policy of indirect rule and a less full on british approach
- this meant working with local chiefs (ie fulani emirs) and others to excersise control
- the british would use local emirs to rule, have centralised power at the top, but maintain islamic law
- in return for loyalty and legitimising british control, these chiefs were given land
- this consequentially limited challenges to power the british encountered
- it would allow for powerful local leadership, but it also meant the british would not intervene if this was abused
- british prefer diplomacy and bargaining over force
describe british policies toward king jaja of opobo
- king jaja and his state in opobo dominated palm oil production, and they blocked access of british merchants instead shipping palm oil directly to liverpool
- jaja refused to stop taxing traders, because he wanted to establish a monopoly
british response:
- the british exile jaja to st vincent and barbados in 1887
- jaja was killed in 1891 by the british, after being granted to return to opobo
describe british policies by cardew in sierra leone
- hut tax of 1898
- 24 local chiefs signed a petition against the tax
- led to mass discontent by locals and anger toward the british because of the financial burden it imposed on locals (forced to pay decent amount of salary and a tax to maintain infrastructure)
- the british respond to such violence by scorching the earth
- the british also hung 96 of the warriors who opposed the policy
describe lugard’s actions with native forces
1897 - lugard creates the west african frontier force to offset french threats to power in the area
1902 = lugard launches a fight of 700 troops against fulani emirs challenging local british power – british policy of using violence to offset local threats
- lugard attempts to add local chiefs in the area, but these chiefs were rejected by locals
describe the infrastructure policies constructed by the british in east africa
- 1890 mackinnon sclater road - mombassa to busia - 600 miles long
- 1894 - a 16 mile communication line is established in uganda
- attempt to consolidate and legitimise british expansion into the area
*a protectorate was declared in 1894 in uganda and 1895 in kenya – legitimising power, civilising mission, expanding infrastructure etc
- the british expand railways in uganda in 1895 using the maasai to protect construction
describe british relations and policy toward the maasai people (describe the change over time toward these policies)
- the british preferred to establish relations with the masai people over the kikuyu tribes, giving them cattle and land
- for example, in 1893, the british help 300 masai at fort smith - british prioritising establishing relations - british facilitate a truce between the two regions
- 1895, the british adopt a policy of appeasement toward maasai for being security in railway
DISMISSIVE AND INFERIOR POLICIES TO MASAI:
- however, the british stop their concessive policies toward the masai after the war of Morijo, and want more material gain from their relations - can be seen by:
*1903 equator ranch by delamere - 100,000 acres - push masai out
* 1902 the british enforce taxation measures in masai protectorate areas, in order to have more stability of income
* 1904 treaty w masai - push them out of rift valley so the area can be used for european expansion - british similarly push them out of the white highlands, only paying the masai minimal rent whilst they reside in the area
describe repressive policies by the british in east africa
- introduction of the hut and wife tax - 1899 - financial burdens (3 rupees / hut)
- british relied on punishments of watery salt and mustard by lord cranworth
- infrastructure projects (forced locals to ‘pay back’ the british and damaged local land
*ie hut taxes, 1902 tax in masai kenya - violence used to assert power (ie zanzibar, sudan (ish) etc)
describe concessions and liberal policies by the british in east africa
- british railway and construction projects, which expand communication lines
*ie mombassa to busia, cape to cairo etc - political reforms - ie 1907 leg council
british response to the battle of omdurman in 1898 / colonial policy from this battle
- mahdist uprisings started in 1900 and continued through until 1908 (1902,1904,1908)
- tribes refused to pay tax
- the british adopt a policy of launching 33 punative expeditions to force tribesmen to adopt a british order, in which if they did not adopt this order, they were beaten and hung
how much did the british set aside for development in east africa in 1913
2.8 million pounds
- prioritisation of investment and building tangible development projects
- adds to chamberlain’s ideas of imperial efficiency, in which much more developed resources would increase economic productivity and efficiency
british policies toward foreigners in empire (ie how did they treat indians in kenya, or chinese in south africa)
- british ship 23,000 indians to kenya for the mombassa railway to busia in 1890
- 1906 - the british force chinese and blacks in south africa to carry residence permits, and the british also had the power to search their homes whenever - idea of automatically interiorizing people
- milner’s 1904 chinese labour camps - exploitative conditions toward locals
how much land did the uganda to kenya railway of 1895 damage
- damaged 60,000 acres of fertile kikuyu lands, whilst the 600 mile railway was constructed
describe british policies in zanzibar in 1896
- hamoud (pro-british sultan) died, and was replaced by khalid barghash (anti-british)
- the british supported muhammad becoming the leader in zanzibar
- the british launch a war for 36 minutes in 1896, in which barghash is forced to flee with the germans
- the british rely on policies of fear to attempt to arrest khalid from his generals
- despite the british impact on local and and complete destruction, the british charge 300,000 rupees worth of reparations to locals
- muhammad becomes the leader of zanzibar
*british policy in the area was also an indirect policy - but they required loyalty from local leaders to enforce their policies
british response and policy to the uprising by the nembe of brass in 1893 in akassa
- the british impose trade sanctions and blockades, which limited the power of the nembe because they relied on trade to survive
- in 1895, the british launch military expeditions - killed 2000 nembe people
- british execute nembe leaders, including koko in 1898
- british remove the charter from the royal niger company, and take direct control
describe the 2 key development schemes in sudan
- port sudan opened in 1906
- expansion of telegraph and railway lines which linked key areas in northern sudan - 1911 gezira scheme promoted the production and growth of high quality cotton for textile industries and irrigation
what was established in 1907 in kenya
its first legislative council
- only had formally appointed british members
- by 1912, delamere is advocating for self government and elected officials on the council
what happened in 1906, 1907 and 1910 in south africa
1906 = the transvaal region is given self government
1907 = the orange free state region is given self government
1910 = union of south africa - united cape colony, natal, transvaal and orange free state
*displays british appeasement - aimed to promote stability to reconcile the nation and prevent divisions and rebuild trust with boers
describe milner’s attitudes and actions toward foreign workers in south africa
- dismissive and treated them with an inferior attitude
1906 = foreign workers were forced to have identity cards, spontaneous house searches and could be beaten if they did not have these cards
1904 = chinese labour programme introduced by milner
1906 bambatha rebellion and how did the government deal with this
started by the 1906 natal act which was attempting to implement a poll tax in natal
*the british take a more conciliatory approach and drop implementing the natal act
describe the native land act
1913
- enforced that natives can only make land agreements and purchase land from other natives
- enforcement of this idea of racial segregation - natives cannot buy land in designated ‘white’ areas
- bound natives into ‘native land’ - needed native approval todo this
describe the nature of british policies in south africa AFTER the second boer war and give examples
- the british are willing to reconciliate and are attempting to re-establish relations with the boers
examples:
- treaty of vereenniging 1902 - british give 3 million pounds to help the boers in rebuilding and restoring their crop farms -
describe the nature of british policies in south africa DURING the second boer war and give examples of these policies
nature:
- repressive and violent policies
- the media coverage of the second boer war encouraged the british to exert their authority in violent ways
examples:
- 1902 scorched earth policy (mirror cardew)
- british concentration camps - over 115,000 in them (ie camps near merebank)
describe the jameson raid and what it shows about british colonial policies and attitudes
- was the plan for the british and rhodes to attempt to overthrow kruger (milner and chamberlain)
- 1895 - increased agitation between the british and local boers
describe the haldane reforms and what do they show about british colonial policy
1906-1912
- a series of reforms which aimed to improve british military efficiency (ie national efficiency) and modernise british military training
- british trying to reassert their authority and power by creating a more professional, authoritative and flexible military force
- britain wanted to defend themselves from future conflicts
describe the 1904 fisher reforms
- aimed to modernise the navy into a more highly efficient institution
- trying to reimpose british naval efficiency and display their overarching global power and influence
- attempt to rebuild the navy after the amount the british spent in 1902 on the SBW – don’t want to be perceived as weak and unable
*mirror the HALDANE REFORMS OF 1907
describe british economic policies in south africa / economic investments before the second boer war
- gold discovery in witwatersrand in 1886
- british invested over 74 million pounds into south african gold product
- british control 2/3 of south african import trading
when did the british annex zululand and what happened in 1897
- british annex zululand in 1887 and incorporate it into natal in 1897 (removes the independence of zululand, purely because of the british in the 1879 anglo-zulu war)
give example of colonial policy toward south africa under rhodes as prime minister
was prime minister from 1890-1896
example policies:
- rhodes introduces scholarships in 1902
- 1895 - zambesia is changed to rhodesia name (displays rhodes’ percieved dominance in the area, a policy which reinforced the british motive to secure british supremacy, remove any associations and ideas of african independence in british land
- rhodes establishes Fort Sailsbury in 1890 (attempt to enforce british power and use such policy to sideline africans - idea of superiority)
describe the second boer war 1899-1902
- the british invest $230 million into the war, despite only expecting to invest $3 million
describe british colonial policies in south africa before the second boer war and their attitudes
- the british have an overarching attitude of supremacy
- the british still deem that the empire is ‘doing a favour for the rest of the world’, and are therefore resistant to settling (ie kruger and milner negotiating on citizenship status of uitlanders)
examples:
- ndebele wars of 1890s - british respond by using complete violence o quash the 20,000 troops
what did the treaty of vereenniging claim in 1902
what was the 1909 south africa act
- the british allowed for 4 native south africans to be appointed to the british senate to represent black south africans
- the colonial secretary declares the need to trust the boers
1909***
describe british immigration policies in south africa
- 1913 immigration regulation act -mirrored the 1902 alien act
- 1902 alien immigration act - aimed to restrict indian and foreign immigrants from entering south africa
(reinforced by the 1905 alien act – which limited immigration into Britain
benefits of indirect rule for the british
- lower administrative costs, not needing to be fully occupied with dealing with government
- they have ‘formal’ control, but they can take measures of minimal intervention
- don’t need to deal with local issues, allows for better co-operation w locals, because laws are respected
- would appease local individuals
- maintain traditional values and structures
- less resources invested into governing
when did the british not use indirect rule in west africa (1 example), and outcome of this
1902
- lugard wanted to subdue fulani emirates who were creating a slave market in Kano
- lugard sends 700 soliders to intervene
- the WAFF later took sokoto
outcome:
- treaty between lugard and emirates
- emirs would be allowed in office, but were to follow strict instructions of the british
