POM

Question 1

What’s the percent of cholesterol that is derived from diet?

Answer 1

25%

Question 2

If a pt can’t tolerate statin, what to give next?

Answer 2

PCSK9 inhibitors

Question 3

What are the 4 groups of pts that we put statin on?

Answer 3

Atherosclerotic CVD/diabetes aged from 40-75 regardless LDL level/LDL bigger than 190/10 years CVD risk over 7.5%

Question 4

Statin is not recommended for __ and __ population?

Answer 4

Prego/breastfeeding

Question 5

Do we have to put elderly pts on statin?

Answer 5

No, some study say higher cholesterol even lower chances of cancer

Question 6

Statin increases or decreases blood glucose?

Answer 6

Increase

Question 7

What are the range of Framingham risk factors and how do we manage them?

Answer 7

Low risk 20% : high intensity statin

Question 8

What defines hematuria and what’s the next step?

Answer 8

more than 3 RBC/HPF

Workup include urine culture and cytology

Question 9

Urologic pain radiates towards groin suggest?

Answer 9

Passing of a stone

Question 10

If a kidney infection does not respond to antibiotics, think?

Answer 10

Obstruction or abscess

Question 11

What is lithotripsy?

Answer 11

Break kidney stone w/ laser and what not

Question 12

What is a oncocytoma?

Answer 12

Benign tumor in kidney

Question 13

What is the size of the renal mass that is needed to be surgically removed?

Answer 13

over 4cm usually

Question 14

A definitive diagnosis of UTI requires ___

Answer 14

Urine culture

Question 15

Bladder stone occurs from ?

Answer 15

Urine stasis

Question 16

Does diverticulum of bladder consists of muscle?

Answer 16

No, only mucosa—>can have stones in there

Question 17

What symptoms can BPH cause?

Answer 17

lower urinary tract symptoms

Question 18

What tests are used to test for BPH?

Answer 18

Uroflow/PVR (post void residual)/urodynamic

Question 19

What is the characteristic of prostatitis?

Answer 19

Difficult to treat

Question 20

What are the big 4 complications of HTN?

Answer 20

CAD and CHF/nephrosclerosis/retinopathy/stroke

Question 21

What is the definition of severe or resistant HTN?

Answer 21

unable to reach BP goal with 3 antiHTN medications including a diuretic

Question 22

Unilateral bruits/increase creatinine, what kind of disease is it?

Answer 22

Kidney stenosis

Question 23

What is therapeutic inertia regarding HTN treatment?

Answer 23

Failure of physician to treat properly

Question 24

What is the initial pharmacologic monotherapy based on age?

Answer 24

Young—>ACEI/ARB

Old—>chlorthalidone or calcium channel blocker

Question 25

How is urine output relate to the prognosis of acute kidney injury?

Answer 25

The worse the oliguria the worse prognosis

Question 26

All oliguria is ___ until proven otherwise

Answer 26

Obstructive

Question 27

Which is more common, pre/renal/post parenchymal insufficiency?

Answer 27

Pre and post

Question 28

What is the easiest test for glomerulanephritis?

Answer 28

Urine analysis (e.g. blood and protein in urine)

Question 29

How to fix urinary obstruction caused by BPH in the hospital?

Answer 29

Foley catheter

Question 30

What is a good measurement for volume depletion?

Answer 30

Orthostatic BP—>if drops too much—>volume depletion

Question 31

What to give first with a pt with pre renal low urine output?

Answer 31

Fluid

Question 32

When do you see muddy brown granular cast?

Answer 32

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 33

What is the difference between acidemia and acidosis?

Answer 33

Acidemia is the increase of the H+ concentration is the plasma/acidosis is the process of achieving acidemia

Question 34

How does bicarb used as a buffer in acid or alkalosis?

Answer 34

High pH—>water + CO2 = H2CO3—->breakdown to bicarb and H+—>H+ decreases pH
Low pH—>the reaction run the other way

Question 35

pH is dependent on the concentration of ___ /___?

Answer 35

HCO3-/CO2

One drops or raise/the other one drops or raise with it to compensate

Question 36

If 3 variables (HCO3-/CO2/pH) move in the same direction (up or down), then it is metabolic or respiratory?

Answer 36

Metabolic

Question 37

What test do you need to evaluate acid base?

Answer 37

ABG and chem 7

Question 38

What population should be screened for DM?

Answer 38

Overweight pt with risk factors such as genetic/HTN/PCOS

Question 39

How should CF pt be screened for DM? How should they be treated?

Answer 39

Oral glucose tolerance test beginning at 10/insulin

Question 40

What are the treatments for diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 40

Laser/anti VEGF injection