Microbiology Flashcards
What makes E. coli harmful?
Its ability to take up DNA from its surroundings
How is diabetes is a risk factor for UTI caused by E. coli?
Urine has sugar in it, bacteria likes it
What kind of urine culture do you do for E. coli?
Semiquantitative
How can cranberry juice prevent recurrent UTI?
It reduces fimbriae binding
Why is enterobacter’s mortality so high?
It is usually a last straw that real sick people get it and die
Which antibiotic shouldnt you give for enterobacter?
Cephalosporin
What is PPM bacteria group consisted of?
Proteus/providencia/morganella
Can PPM bacteria infect previously healthy pts?
No
What kind of pt are susceptible to graft vs. host disease?
Immunocompromised pts can’t clear off T cells generated by the graft
Does O antigen blood group has antibody against antigen A and B?
Yes
Rh - has antibody against Rh +? or is it the other way around?
Rh - has antibody against Rh +
How is hyperacute graft reaction occur?
Preformed antibodies causes inflammatory response and occlude the vessel to the organ
How to prevent graft rejection?
Cross match—>mix the pt’s serum with the donor blood
The exposure of fetal cells to maternal circulation can lead to the production of antibodies against?
Paternal HLA class
What is panel reactive antibody?
Mix pt’s serum with a panel of leukocyte from different individual
Pt who has had transplant before would exhibit high panel reactive antibodies (high percentage)
How is acute graft rejection occur?
Host cell react to foreign cell expressing MHC class II (stronger reaction) or through host APCs (weaker)—>activate CD4 cells—>activate CD8 cells—>kill the graft
Can cross match predict acute graft rejection?
No, only hyperacute
What’s more indicative of a long lasting kidney transplant, MHC compatibility or healthy kidney?
Healthy kidneys matter more if it’s choosing between a nonmatched healthy kidney with a matched cadaver kidney
What is the target of CD8 cells?
Any cells that do not have MHC class I self antigen
How does chronic rejection occur?
Minor antigen from the graft gets picked by APCs and presented to T cell—>mount immune response to damage the blood vessel of the graft
MHC class I has how many subtypes?
6
Is HLA the same thing as MHC? is it? is it? IS IT?
HLA is the human version of MHC (they are used interchangeably)
Why and how does mixed lymphocyte reaction carry out?
It detects the mismatch of MHC class II T cell of the donor is mixed with B cells of the recipient--->if there is no T cell proliferation--->no mismatch If there is T cell proliferation--->mismatch
Which 2 monoclonal antibodies are used to target IL-2 receptor on leukocyte for immunesuppression?
Daclizumab and basiliximab
What and how is Belatacept is used for?
It suppresses initial immune response of organ transplant by binding to B7 receptor of the graft cell
How is cytotoxic cells like Azathioprine or Mycophenolic acid for immunesuppression after transplant?
Kill rapidly dividing cells like T cells
What are the 2 mainline drugs used for long term immunosuppression of transplant?
FK506 and cyclosporine—>inhibit calcineurin pathway of T cells and prevent the secretion of IL-2
Bone marrow transplant has risk of developing?
Graft vs. host
Why is bone marrow transplants need to be more closely matched?
Since T cells are in the bone marrow transplanted
