Microbiology

Question 1

What makes E. coli harmful?

Answer 1

Its ability to take up DNA from its surroundings

Question 2

How is diabetes is a risk factor for UTI caused by E. coli?

Answer 2

Urine has sugar in it, bacteria likes it

Question 3

What kind of urine culture do you do for E. coli?

Answer 3

Semiquantitative

Question 4

How can cranberry juice prevent recurrent UTI?

Answer 4

It reduces fimbriae binding

Question 5

Why is enterobacter’s mortality so high?

Answer 5

It is usually a last straw that real sick people get it and die

Question 6

Which antibiotic shouldnt you give for enterobacter?

Answer 6

Cephalosporin

Question 7

What is PPM bacteria group consisted of?

Answer 7

Proteus/providencia/morganella

Question 8

Can PPM bacteria infect previously healthy pts?

Answer 8

No

Question 9

What kind of pt are susceptible to graft vs. host disease?

Answer 9

Immunocompromised pts can’t clear off T cells generated by the graft

Question 10

Does O antigen blood group has antibody against antigen A and B?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

Rh - has antibody against Rh +? or is it the other way around?

Answer 11

Rh - has antibody against Rh +

Question 12

How is hyperacute graft reaction occur?

Answer 12

Preformed antibodies causes inflammatory response and occlude the vessel to the organ

Question 13

How to prevent graft rejection?

Answer 13

Cross match—>mix the pt’s serum with the donor blood

Question 14

The exposure of fetal cells to maternal circulation can lead to the production of antibodies against?

Answer 14

Paternal HLA class

Question 15

What is panel reactive antibody?

Answer 15

Mix pt’s serum with a panel of leukocyte from different individual
Pt who has had transplant before would exhibit high panel reactive antibodies (high percentage)

Question 16

How is acute graft rejection occur?

Answer 16

Host cell react to foreign cell expressing MHC class II (stronger reaction) or through host APCs (weaker)—>activate CD4 cells—>activate CD8 cells—>kill the graft

Question 17

Can cross match predict acute graft rejection?

Answer 17

No, only hyperacute

Question 18

What’s more indicative of a long lasting kidney transplant, MHC compatibility or healthy kidney?

Answer 18

Healthy kidneys matter more if it’s choosing between a nonmatched healthy kidney with a matched cadaver kidney

Question 19

What is the target of CD8 cells?

Answer 19

Any cells that do not have MHC class I self antigen

Question 20

How does chronic rejection occur?

Answer 20

Minor antigen from the graft gets picked by APCs and presented to T cell—>mount immune response to damage the blood vessel of the graft

Question 21

MHC class I has how many subtypes?

Answer 21

6

Question 22

Is HLA the same thing as MHC? is it? is it? IS IT?

Answer 22

HLA is the human version of MHC (they are used interchangeably)

Question 23

Why and how does mixed lymphocyte reaction carry out?

Answer 23

It detects the mismatch of MHC class II
T cell of the donor is mixed with B cells of the recipient--->if there is no T cell proliferation--->no mismatch
If there is T cell proliferation--->mismatch

Question 24

Which 2 monoclonal antibodies are used to target IL-2 receptor on leukocyte for immunesuppression?

Answer 24

Daclizumab and basiliximab

Question 25

What and how is Belatacept is used for?

Answer 25

It suppresses initial immune response of organ transplant by binding to B7 receptor of the graft cell

Question 26

How is cytotoxic cells like Azathioprine or Mycophenolic acid for immunesuppression after transplant?

Answer 26

Kill rapidly dividing cells like T cells

Question 27

What are the 2 mainline drugs used for long term immunosuppression of transplant?

Answer 27

FK506 and cyclosporine—>inhibit calcineurin pathway of T cells and prevent the secretion of IL-2

Question 28

Bone marrow transplant has risk of developing?

Answer 28

Graft vs. host

Question 29

Why is bone marrow transplants need to be more closely matched?

Answer 29

Since T cells are in the bone marrow transplanted