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Principles of Medicine (POM) > POM 08 - T cells and antibodies in infection > Flashcards

POM 08 - T cells and antibodies in infection Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity

A

innate and adaptive

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2
Q

for the innate immune system what does it recognize, when is it recruited into the immune response, and how does it respond to repeated exposures

A

recognizes broad patterns

generally early defenses

no difference with repeated exposures

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3
Q

for the adaptive immune system what does it recognize, when is it recruited into the immune response, and how does it respond to repeated exposures

A

recognizes highly specific antigens

generally later defenses

results in immunological memory from repeated exposure

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4
Q

what are the 2 branches of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral immunity

cell mediated immunity

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5
Q

humoral immunity is a product of ____ and it involves ____

A

product of B cells

involves antibodies

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6
Q

cell mediated immunity is a product of ____ and what is its antibody ivolvement

A

product of T cells

does not involve antibodies

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7
Q

where does the humoral immunity operate and what does it operate against

A

operates against antigens/specific shapes

operates outside of cells

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8
Q

what kinds of pathogens does the humoral immune system act against and how

A

viruses and toxins - stops attachment and coats toxins with antibodies

extracellular bacteria - enhance opsonization and phagocytosis and activates complement

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9
Q

where does the cell mediated immunity operate and what does it operate against

A

operates against antigens inside cells

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10
Q

what kinds of ‘pathogens’ does the cell mediated immune system act against and how

A

virus infected cells

tumour cells

transplanted organs

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11
Q

why do we need more than antibodies

A

viruses grow inside of cells and are therefore inaccessible to antibodies

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12
Q

what are the 2 lineages of T lymphocytes

A

cytotoxic/killer T cell

helper T cell

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13
Q

what is the role of killer T cells

A

kill cells with foreign/altered intracellular protein antigens

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14
Q

what is the role of helper T cells

A

produce cytokine hormones to assist other responses

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15
Q

what is VDJ recombination

A

range of specifications generated by complex recombinations of different genes inside the T cells as they mature in thymus

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16
Q

what is CD8 important for

A

activation of cells

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17
Q

are all T cell receptor specificities the same - what is the clinical implication of this

A

no there are different specificities so different shapes of receptors possible

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18
Q

what does CD3 do

A

links to T cell receptor and carries signals to T cell that can activate T cell to do some killing if antigen binds to T cell

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19
Q

what are the molecules and receptors on killer T cells

A

CD8

T cell receptor

CD3

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20
Q

what are the molecules and receptors on helper T cells

A

CD4

T cell receptor

CD3

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21
Q

what antigens can be ‘seen’ by helper T cells

A

only see antigens on specialized cells that can present antigens eg macrophages. dendritic cells etc

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22
Q

what does class 1 HLA present and what does it present to

A

presents antigens from any cell in the body onto the surface of the cell

only presents to killer T cells

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23
Q

where are the antigens that class 1 HLA present

A

in the cell - endogenous

antigen is inside cytoplasm could be from virus/mutations

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24
Q

what does class 2 HLA present and where are they found

A

presents antigens (usually phagocyte)

only found on antigen presenting cells

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25
where are the antigens that class 2 HLA present
exogenous antigen - eaten into the cell macrophage have phagocytosed something that contains an antigen and then they present antigen they've eaten up on the surface
26
what are HLA
mechanisms to present intracellular antigens on surface of any body cell and allows the cytotoxic killer T cells to see antigen and respond to it
27
what does MHC stand for
major histocompatibility complex
28
what does HLA stand for
human leukocyte antigen complex
29
are MHC and HLA the same
yes
30
what is the structure of the MHC/HLA
2 parts made up of different classes class 2---class 3---class 1
31
regarding the structure of the MHC/HLA class 2 section what are the 3 main genes
HLA-DP HLA-DQ HLA-DR
32
regarding the structure of the MHC/HLA class 3 section what is it and where is it found
cluster of genes between class 1 and 2 all on chromosome 6
33
regarding the structure of the MHC/HLA class 3 section what does this section do
encodes signaling molecules involved in immune response and complement
34
regarding the structure of the MHC/HLA class 1 section what are the 3 main genes
HLA-C HLA-B HLA-A
35
the HLA-A/B/C section of the HLA class 1 section is said to be polymorphic what does this mean
in human population for each A/B/C there is a large number of different gene variations with slightly different sequences and coding proteins with slightly different gene sequences ends up with a combination of these in each person
36
what is the structure of HLA class 2 on the cell surface
2 chains - one alpha one beta chain
37
what is the structure of HLA class 1 on the cell surface
one chain plus one B2-microglobulin molecule
38
where are class 1 HLAs found
on virtually all nucleated cells
39
what do class 1 HLAs do
present peptides/antigen to killer/CD8 T cells
40
what dominance do the class 1 HLA show
codominance
41
where are class 2 HLAs found
found on specialised antigen presenting cells - usually phagocytes
42
what do class 2 HLAs do
present peptides/antigens that have been eaten up to CD4 T cells
43
describe how the class 1 HLA presents to CD8 cytotoxic T cells give example for when a virus has infected the cell
class 1 displays a sample of peptides derived from inside the cell from what the cell is making and metabolising eg if virus infected cell peptides from virus replication
44
what happens after the antigen is presented by class 1 HLAs
in secondary lymphoid organs the CD8 T cells with the right T cell receptor to the antigen start to expand they can get help from helper T cells and the CD8 cells proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic T cells which kill virus-infected/cancer cells
45
what is the role of memory cells
some cells become memory cells to rapidly mount a quicker immune response if the same virus comes back
46
describe how the class 2 HLA presents to CD4 helper T cells give example for when antigenic material like extracellular bacteria has been phagocytosed into the cell
phagocytosis of extracellular bacteria lysosomes break down proteins into individual peptides some of these peptides can be processed and linked onto the MHC class 2 peptide is presented to CD4 helper T cells
47
what happens after the antigen is presented by class 2 HLAs
in secondary lymphoid organs the helper T cells with the right T cell receptor for the antigen sends helper signals to other APC and CD4 the original helper T cell also expands and secretes cytokines and chemokines to help drive the immune response against the antigen/pathogen helper T cells fully activated and some become memory cells
48
what is the structure of antibodies
a light chain and heavy chain joined in the middle by disulfide bonds
49
what is the Fc region on antibodies in terms of what it does
always constant if antibody binds to something for it to then activate next step of immune response the constant region must be the same so the mechanisms and immune system can recognise it
50
where is the Fc region found on antibodies
on the heavy chain end
51
where are the antigen binding sites found on antibodies
on the ends of the 2 light chains
52
what is the antigenic epitope
part of antigen that is recognized by an antibody or T cell
53
describe the possible affinities of the T cell receptors and antibodies what is the significance of this
many T and B cells generate antibodies with a range of different affinities stronger affinities might be more strongly selected but still have a range in general which can be useful if pathogen and antigen evolve such that previously low affinity could become the high affinity
54
name the 5 ways that antibodies contribute to the immune response
neutralisation chemotaxis opsonisation = enhanced phagocytosis antibody dependent killing/cytotoxicity trigger classical pathway of complement cascade
55
how do antibodies contribute to the immune response via neutralisation
antibody binds to pathogen/virus/toxin and binds to/blocks interaction of that virus with a target cell (or toxin with receptor)
56
how do antibodies contribute to the immune response via chemotaxis
recruits immune cells to the site of infection
57
how do antibodies contribute to the immune response via opsonisation
complement coats the infectious agent/pathogen to make them more recognisable to the immune system antibodies do the same thing as the Fc constant can be bound with special receptors on cells of immune system
58
how do antibodies contribute to the immune response via antibody-dependent killing
once the antibodies have coated something such as bacteria/virus/another cell infected by virus, then can drive the killing by a range of cell types including the natural killer cells
59
describe the chain of events when an antigen binds to the cell surface antigen receptor surface immunoglobulin to when the B cell becomes a antibody forming cell
antigen binds to a cell surface antigen receptor surface immunoglobulin CD79 signal transduction molecules help drive signal that tell cell that the specific antigen receptor has bound an antigen so need to turn the cell on generates an internal signal causes the differentiation of antibody forming cells and the production of antibodies
60
describe the chain of events when an antigen is presented to the cell surface antigen receptor T cell receptor to when the T cell becomes a cytotoxic/helper cell
antigen is presented to the cell surface antigen receptor T cell receptor CD3 transduction molecules help drive signal that tell cell that the specific antigen receptor has bound an antigen so need to turn the cell on generates internal signal becomes cytotoxic/helper T cells
61
what is the signal transduction molecule involved in the B cell
CD79
62
what is the signal transduction molecule involved in the T cell
CD3

Principles of Medicine (POM) (11 decks)

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