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Principles of Medicine (POM) > POM 07 - Innate immunity > Flashcards

POM 07 - Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

what is autopoiesis

A

system capable of maintaining and reproducing itself by creating its own parts

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2
Q

what does autopoiesis require in order to maintain a mutually satisfactory relationship with its environment?

A

a ongoing dynamic adaptation

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3
Q

what are 2 networks important for maintaining autopoiesis

A

nervous system

immune system

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4
Q

what are areas of the body that the immune system does not have access to

A

the brain (blood brain barrier)

testes

eyes (some parts of it)

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5
Q

why does the human immune system distinguish between self and non self - 4 things

A

protect against infection

recover from infection and tissue damage

identify somatic changes to self (eg cancer)

maintain an adequate separation from the organism’s environment

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6
Q

what does the immune system respond to

A

unusual/foreign shapes

familiar shapes out of context

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7
Q

what do pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells give rise to

A

all blood leukocytes including RBC and WBC and platelets

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8
Q

what stem cells give rise to all blood leukocytes including RBC and WBC and platelets

A

pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

where are the pluripotent haemopoietic stem cells located

A

primarily in the marrow of long bones

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10
Q

what is differentiation

A

stem cells committed to being type of cell with specific function

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11
Q

where do stem cells mature when they turn into B lymphocytes

A

directly in the bone marrow

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12
Q

where do stem cells mature when they turn into T lymphocytes

A

stem cell progeny migrate to the thymus where they differentiate into T lymphocytes

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13
Q

what are the 5 types of phagocytic cells

A

macrophages in tissues

monocytes

eosinophils

basophils

neutrophils

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14
Q

what are platelets

A

packets of clotting factors

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15
Q

what differentiates into platelets

A

megakaryocytes

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16
Q

what extra phase do T lymphocytes undergo which B lymphocytes do not

A

a separate education phase which tells what cells are normal (self vs non self)

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17
Q

what happens in primary lymphoid organs

A

where lymphocytes are made

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18
Q

what are three examples of primary lymphoid organs and what lymphocytes do they produce

A

bone marrow = B lymphocytes

thymus = T lymphocytes

fetal liver = B lymphocytes and source of stem cells

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19
Q

what lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow

A

B lymphocytes

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20
Q

what lymphocytes are produced in the thymus

A

T lymphocytes

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21
Q

what lymphocytes are produced in the fetal liver

A

stem cells and B lymphocytes

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22
Q

what are examples of secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
adenoids
peyer’s patches
skin

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23
Q

what do secondary lymphoid organs do

A

filter and enrich for foreign antigens

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24
Q

what organ does lymph nodes filter and enrich for foreign antigens for

A

tissues

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25
Q

what does spleen filter and enrich for foreign antigens for

A

blood

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26
Q

what organ does peyers patches filter and enrich for foreign antigens for

A

the gut

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27
Q

lymphocytes formed in the primary organs migrate to secondary organs to do what role

A

to mount immune responses to foreign antigens (non-self or modified self) and can also recirculate in tissues

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28
Q

what are tertiary lymphoid organs

A

collections of immune cells similar to secondary lymphoid organs

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29
Q

where are tertiary lymphoid organs found and what do they do

A

found in non-lymphoid tissues

function in surveillance and inflammation

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30
Q

at what stage is the innate immune system involved

A

early defenses

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31
Q

what does the innate immune system recognise

A

broad patterns

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32
Q

is there a difference between the first and repeated exposure reaction from the innate immune system

A

no

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33
Q

at what stage is the adaptive system involved

A

later defenses

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34
Q

what does the adaptive immune system recognise

A

highly specific antigens

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35
Q

is there a difference between the first and repeated exposure reaction from the adaptive immune system

A

secondary exposure is different and faster than primary exposure

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36
Q

what is an example of a cell involved in innate immune system

A

neutrophil

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37
Q

what is an example of a cell involved in adaptive immune system

A

T lymphocytes

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38
Q

what are the 5 things that the innate immunity comprised of

A

physical barriers

microbicidal factors in body fluids

antiviral proteins

phagocytic cells

NK cells

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39
Q

what are two types of microbicidal factors are in body fluids

A

lysozyme

complement

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40
Q

what are the most important defenses located at in terms of the innate immunity being a physical barrier

A

nasopharynx, gut, lungs, genitourinary tract

41
Q

what does the lysozyme do

A

break down cells walls of bacteria

42
Q

what does complement do

A

cascade of proteins activated by bacteria component of cell wall or antibodies

43
Q

what is an example of an antiviral

A

interferon

44
Q

what is NK cells what do the letters stand for

A

natural killer cells

45
Q

what are NK cells

A

lymphocytes in innate immunity which dont have to recognize specific antigens to function

46
Q
A
47
Q

what are 4 biophysical defenses in external surface protection

A

mucus

cilia lining respiratory tract

acid in stomach

skin

48
Q

what are 4 biochemical defenses involved in external surface protection

A

lysozyme in most secretions

sebaceous gland secretions

commensal organisms in gut and vagina

spermin in semen

49
Q

what are the two types of fluid that leaks out of capillaries into the surrounding tissues

A

transudate

exudate

50
Q

what is transudate and what causes it

A

passive exit of fluids and ions involved in heart failure

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid into the tissues

51
Q

what is exudate and what causes it

A

active process in inflammation - changes in tight junctions to let through water and other particular size of proteins (eg fibrinogen)

52
Q

what does the lymphatic system do

A

collects fluid that has leaked out of capillaries into surrounding tissues and returns it back to the blood stream

53
Q

what is the structure of the lymphatic system

A

tree like structure of thin walled vessels into which fluid can drain from extracellular tissue spaces

54
Q

how is fluid in the lymphatic vessels moved through

A

pumped through lymphatic vessels by normal muscle activity in the body

55
Q

what structures are involved in the lymphatic vessels that directs the flow in one direction

A

valves

56
Q

what do valves in the lymphatic vessels do

A

directs the flow in one direction

57
Q

what type of immunity is the lymphatic system critical for

A

innate immunity

58
Q

what type of lymphatic vessels drain the interstitial fluid from tissues into the lymph nodes

A

afferent lymph vessels

59
Q

what do afferent lymph vessels drain interstitial fluid to and from

A

drain the interstitial fluid from tissues into the lymph nodes

60
Q

what can the lymphatic fluid carry that isnt healthy

A

can carry material from infectious agents and from body cells damaged by the infectious process

61
Q

what do lymph nodes do

A

filter material from lymphatic fluid and present it to the immune system

62
Q

what do efferent lymphatic vessels do

A

drains out of the lymph nodes and into the thoracic duct and the vena cava

63
Q

what lymphatic vessels drain out of the lymph node

A

efferent lymphatic vessels do

64
Q

what can activate the complement system

A

components of some pathogens

eg bacterial cell wall components

65
Q

what does activating complement stimulate

A

stimulates inflammation and innate immunity

66
Q

how does complement work

A

works as a cascade of blood proteins that activate one another

67
Q

what is the alternative pathway of complement

A

pathway of complement that is activated by bacterial cell wall components

68
Q

the pathway of complement that is activated by bacterial cell wall components is know as the ___ ____

A

alternative pathway

69
Q

the pathway of complement that is activated by antibodies is know as the ___ ____

A

classical pathway

70
Q

what is the classical pathway of complement

A

the pathway of complement that is activated by antibodies

71
Q

what happens after the bacterial cell wall components activates the complement process via the alternative process

A

complement components assemble to form any enzymes

enzyme activates other complements components

increases vascular permeability, activates chemotaxis and opsonisation

72
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

forms gradient along which molecules like macrophages neutrophils or monocytes can be attracted to sites of infection

73
Q

what is opsonisation

A

coating of bacteria or another type of particle with complement protein allowing antibodies for recognition (easier recognition by immune system)

74
Q

what are the 4 functions of neutrophils

A

acute inflammation

phagocytosis

degranulation

neutrophil extracellular traps

75
Q

what does neutrophils do in terms of acute inflammation

A

characterized by neutrophils - no other cell types

76
Q

what does neutrophils do in terms of phagocytosis

A

ingests debris, necrotic tissue or pathogens

77
Q

what does neutrophils do in terms of degranulation

A

enzymatic and non enzymatic material that can fight infection

78
Q

what does neutrophils do in terms of neutrophil extracellular traps

A

matrix of DNA, proteins, carbohydrates that traps and aggregates pathogens

79
Q

what are the 3 things that neutrophils recognise

A

broad molecular patterns

C3b component of complement

Fc regions of antibodies

80
Q

what can monocyte macrophages differentiate into

A

macrophages

monocyte-derived dendritic cells etc

81
Q

what are the 5 functions of monocyte macrophages

A

chronic inflammation

phagocytosis

cytokine secretion

orchestrates repair after inflammation

antigen presentation during adaptive immune responses

82
Q

what does monocyte macrophages do in terms of antigen presentation during adaptive immune responses

A

aggregates antigens and shows them to lymphocytes

83
Q

what does neutrophils do in terms of cytokine secretion

A

signals directs immune system

84
Q

are neutrophils or monocyte macrophages better at phagocytosis

A

monocyte macrophages

85
Q

what does neutrophils do in terms of orchestrating repair after inflammation

A

conducts what happens next and repairs tissue and cleans up mess via phagocytosis and coordinates other cells to clean up mess

then secreting factors such as growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor that form granulation tissue

86
Q

NK cells are lymphocytes of the ___ immune system

A

innate

87
Q

what is the NK cells main role

A

kill healthy cells that pose a threat

eg virally infected cells, cancer cells or anti-body coated cells tagged via opsonisation

88
Q

what do NK cells secrete and what does this secretion do

A

cytokines to enhance activity of other immune cells

89
Q

what do NK cells do in the placenta

A

control immunity in placenta

90
Q

do NK cells need to be switched on by antigen presenting cell

A

no

91
Q

whether a NK cell kills a target cell depends on what balance

A

balance between activating and inhibitory signals

92
Q

most normal health body cells have what receptors on their surface

A

MHC class 1

93
Q

what do MHC class 1 receptors do to NK cells

what does this mean for the cell they are on

A

inhibits them

NK cell wont kill cell with HLA proteins on their surface

94
Q

how does the innate immune system differentiate self from non self

A

lacks specificity of adaptive immune system

involves receptors that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns

95
Q

give examples of receptors in the innate immune system that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns - 3 examples

A

macrophage mannose receptor

CD14

Toll like receptors

96
Q

what does the macrophage mannose receptor recognise

A

recognises structures involving mannose sugars in cell walls

97
Q

Receptors in the innate immune system that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns - how quick are their reponses

why is this

A

very rapid with no delay

this is because they dont need focused amplification to recognize specific antigen

98
Q

what do receptors in the innate immune system that recognizes broad classes of molecular patterns induce inside the cells

A

induce complex signaling cascades inside cells of innate immune system which include signals that then activate the adaptive immune system

Principles of Medicine (POM) (11 decks)

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