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Biology 110 > Polytypic Species and Infra-species > Flashcards

Polytypic Species and Infra-species Flashcards

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1
Q

those who support establishing a system for infraspecific categories

A

splitters

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2
Q

stated that species does not essentially differ from the term variety
any recognizable variety are as good as a separate species

A

Darwin

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3
Q

categories below the species level

A

infraspecies

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3
Q

often used for members that are in different geographical locations and shows a specific variation

A

var.

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4
Q

refer to a population that a taxonomist considers to differ sufficiently from previously named population of species

A

subspecies

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5
Q

those who believe that system is unnecessary and there’s no need to establish subspecies concept

A

lumpers

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7
Q

often used for members that are in different geographical locations and shows a specific variation

A

var.

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8
Q

recognition of subspecies (with Ernst Hartet and Walter Rothschild)

A

Karl Jordan

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9
Q

proposed the Formenkreis theory

A

Otto Kleinschmidt

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10
Q

created the catalog of American birds

prefixed subspecies by “var.” in his collection of birds

A

Elliot Coues

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12
Q

proposed the term Rassenkreis (circle of races) and Artenkreis (circle of species)

A

Bernhard Rensch

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13
Q

equivalent to species composed of races or subspecies

incipient species and will soon be totally replaced by the geographical species

A

Rassenkreis

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14
Q

dropped the use of “var.” in his descriptions of organisms

A

Robert Ridgeway

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14
Q

consists of multiple Rassenkreis

species that are able to overcome the incipient stage of being Rassenkreis and become geographically distinct

A

Artenkreis

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15
Q

proposed or translated the terms of Rassenkreis into: subspecies, semispecies, and superspecies

A

Mayr

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16
Q

Promoted subspecies and trinomial nomenclature on geographically distinct populations
Includes variations according to the locality of distribution
However, it doesn’t lead to a speciation
Was later rejected by taxonomists

A

Formenkreis theory

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18
Q

polytypic species

A

subspecies

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19
Q

incipient species undergoing speciation; described to be interbreeding with their ancestor but are having characteristics different from the ancestor

A

semispecies

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20
Q

artenkreis; have undergone speciation

A

superspecies

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21
Q

attacked on “subspecies” or the trinomial concept; “as more studies would be provided, the concept of having subspecies will soon disappear as these variations are not enough support to provide such concept

A

Brown & Wilson

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21
Q

a population that a taxonomist considers to differ sufficiently from previously named population of a species; replaced variety

A

Subspecies (ssp.)

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22
Q

species that are not subdivided into subspecies

A

monotypic species

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23
Q

species w members of a population that look different from each other; species that contain 2 or more subspecies

A

polytypic species

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24
Q

doesn’t necessarily require changes in the genetic composition; variation that is is fixed at birth, incorporated in their genetic material

A

Non-genetic Variation

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25
Q

Variation within population

A

Intrapopulation Variation

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26
Q

variation depending on time; ex. age variation

A

Temporal Variation

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27
Q

variation wherein in different stages in their life they would assume different characteristics; common in insects

A

age variation

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28
Q

seasonal variations of the same individual; many physical appearances depending on season

A

seasonal polyphenism

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29
Q

Mainly due to environmental factors: ex. density dependent (if they’re alone or with a colony)

A

Ecological Variation

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30
Q

high or low density

in solitary; in colony

A

low density; high density

31
Q

the causes in the differences in the morphology are not genetic, it would depend on the “social status” or caste polymorphism of your organism (ex. honey bee, ants)
variation depends on the role they perform

A

social variation

32
Q

appearance depends on where it is feeding on

A

Host-dependent

33
Q

variation depends on their function or work

A

Allometric

34
Q

phenotypic plasticity

ex. short if it’s in its natural habitat, taller if not

A

Ecotypic variation

35
Q

some arthropods with wolbachia become parthenogenetic (manipulative behavioral changes)

A

Endosymbiont-induced

36
Q

mostly parasite-induced; ex. parasite causes a trauma changing the morphology/appearance of the organism

A

Traumatic variation

37
Q

changes in morphology due to differences in genetic composition

A

Genetic Variation

38
Q

morphology is dependent on sex (ex. in some insects, male would look more colorful bc they have to attract females for mating)

A

Sexual dimorphism

39
Q

aka Diplo-haplontic life cycle
variation depending on diploid/haploid stage (n of chromosomes)
exhibited by bryophytes (ferns and mosses)

A

Alternation of generation or Reproductive different

generation

40
Q

variation caused by multiple alleles that are present in locus/loci in a certain chromosome

A

Polymorphism

41
Q

changes in morphology due to differences in genetic composition

A

Genetic Variation

42
Q

multi-loci control of genes, more variation; highly affected by environmental factors (ex. exposure to sunlight)
ex. skin color, height, eye color

A

Continuous variation

43
Q

give rise to genetic difference among many members of a population
alters individual’s genetic composition

A

mutation and recombination

45
Q

most familiar classification scheme; established 250 years ago (1758)
– by Carolus Linnaeus
– one category includes less inclusive groups (which also contains less
inclusive groups)

A

Hierarchical classification

46
Q

variation caused by the multiple alleles (ex. black & white; kinky & straight) that are present in one locus in a certain chromosome

A

Discontinuous variation

46
Q

foundation for evolution

A

genetic variation

47
Q

a branching diagram, or tree, depicting the relationships among group of organisms

A

Cladogram/evolutionary trees/dendrogram/branching trees

48
Q

required that every organism have a two-part scientific name (“binomen”)

A

Binomial Nomenclature

49
Q

represents the oldest (earliest) ancestors

A

Base

50
Q

groups at every taxonomic level; includes an ancestor and all its descendants

A

Monophyletic

51
Q

a group comprising species that arose from two or more different immediate ancestors
does not include common ancestor in the group

A

Polyphyletic

53
Q

morphological feature/character that share descent from a common ancestor
features having common ancestry
ex. hands of chimpanzees and humans

A

Homologues

54
Q

a group whose member species are all descendants of a common ancestor, but does not contain all the species descended from that ancestor
includes common ancestor

A

Paraphyletic

54
Q

the recurrence of similarity and evolution

features that simply look alike but is not necessary of same ancestry or function

A

Homoplasy

55
Q

phenomenon wherein similar-appearing structures may evolve in entirely unrelated groups of organisms in quite different ways
2 formerly dissimilar traits become similar

A

Convergent evolution

56
Q

indicates successively more recent divisions of evolutionary lineages

A

Higher branches:

57
Q

attributes, or features, of organisms or groups of organisms (taxa) that biologists rely on to indicate
their relatedness to other similar organisms (or other taxa) and to distinguish them from other
groups.

A

Character

59
Q

result of “distant” or “underlying” homology
occurs when two or more species (or lineages) change similarly so that, despite evolutionary activity, they remain similar in some ways, or become more similar over time

A

Parallel Evolution

60
Q

result of “distant” or “underlying” homology
occurs when two or more species (or lineages) change similarly so that, despite evolutionary activity, they remain similar in some ways, or become more similar over time

A

Parallel Evolution

60
Q

occurs when two or more lineages (or characters)

evolve independently to become less similar

A

Divergent Evolution / Divergence

61
Q

a feature reverts back to a previous, ancestral condition

A

Evolutionary reversal

61
Q

monophyletic group or branch of a tree, which may undergo very little or a great deal of
diversification
– a group of species related by direct descent

A

Clade

63
Q

multiple divergences from a common ancestor that result in more than two descendant lineages.

A

Radiations

64
Q

group of species (or higher taxa) defined by somewhat more abstract measures
– a group defined by a particular level of functional or morphological complexity
– can be polyphyletic, paraphyletic, or monophyletic (thus, it can also be a clade)

A

Grade

65
Q

attributes of species that are relatively “old” and have been retained from some remote ancestor
– also referred to as “ancestral characters” or “primitive character states”

A

Plesiomorphic character states

67
Q

direction of evolutionary change

A

Polarity

68
Q

attributes of species that are relatively recent origin

-also referred to as “derived (advanced) character states”

A

Apomorphic character states

68
Q

signature or novel character; the character originated
from the ancestor as an evolutionary novelty

unique characteristics of a lineage

A

Autapomorphic character

69
Q

– a derived character shared by the most recent common
ancestor and by 2 or more descendants of that ancestor
– define clades, that is, they determine which species (or
other groups) are most closely related to each other
shared change condition

A

Synapomorphic character

70
Q

shared ancestral trait

A

Symplesiomorphic character

71
Q

reflects overall similarity alone, regardless of that similarity reflects common ancestry or not

A

Phenetics (Numerical Taxonomy)

72
Q

decides which characters are most likely to hold the greatest amount of phylogenetic info.
– focuses on homology ⟶ homologous characters are used to deduce general relationships (extent to which various species differ/ resemble each other)
– often leads to the formation of paraphyletic groups (e.g. Class Aves excluded from Class Reptilia)

A

Evolutionary Systematics (Classical Taxonomy)

73
Q

make use of highly sophisticated computer programs
– focuses on synapomorphic characters (shared characters derived from a common ancestor in which
the characters originated)
– focuses only in homologous characters that are NOT present in any earlier ancestors; only
evolutionary novelties are used

A

Cladistics (Phylogenetic Systematics)

Biology 110 (4 decks)

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