Microtaxonomy: Species Concept and Towards Speciation Flashcards
deals with the classification of organisms
macrotaxonomy
procedures that look at evolutionary factors
gamma taxonomy
deals with demarcation of a species (what makes a species a species)
microtaxonomy
steps in taxonomical study that deals with procedures for recognition and description of species
alpha taxonomy
procedures done to classify the species in a hierarchical system
beta taxonomy
this is done in alpha taxonomy because available specimens do not adequately cover the suspected geographic range of the certain species
collection
proof that specimen is existing
voucher specimens
done in alpha taxonomy to verify if specimen is novel
verification
A group of closely related organisms that are very similar to each other and are usually capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
species
relies only on similarities and differences between present organisms
phenetic
describes pathways of ancestry and how these characters of organisms arose in evolution
phylogenetic
states that a species is a community whose distinctive morphological characters are sufficiently definite to entitle it to a specific name; you call it a species if these individuals looks similar
Morphological Species Concept
mimic resembles a model that is poisonous or unpleasant to eat
Batesian Mimicry
species look the same because of same geographical conditions
Sympatric Species
2 or more equally poisonous or distasteful species that have a similar color pattern
Mullerian Mimicry
states that a species is a group of potentially or actually interbreeding individuals who are reproductively isolated from other groups;
a set of individuals who reproduced new individuals that are similar to themselves are the same species;
species are those who can reproduce and is incapable to mate with different species
Biological Species Concept
states that an evolutionary species is a lineage evolving separately from others with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies
evolutionary species concept
smallest diagnosable monophyletic group of populations within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent; members of a species share derived characters and treated as evidence of descent
Phylogenetic Species Concept
Through this, two gene pools can no longer adapt together
Reproductive isolating mechanism
position where there exist different truths; no one truth; best way to define species
pluralism
prevents mating from occurring; before fertilization
Pre-zygotic isolating mechanism
organisms are isolated biologically by time (ex. breeding season)
temporal isolation
collection of organisms that includes all descendants and its most recent ancestor
monophyletic group
organisms are isolated biologically by time (ex. breeding time)
temporal isolation
RSM wherein species are in the same geographic area but different habitats (ex. aquatic and terrestrial snakes)
Habitat isolation
RSM where there is little or no sexual attraction between males and females; diff courtship rituals
Behavioral Isolation
Prevents hybrid zygotes from developing into viable, fertile adults
Post-zygotic isolating mechanism
Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach sexual maturity (ex. plants produce hybrid seeds but they don’t germinate)
Reduced hybrid viability
RSM where there is structural differences in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer
Mechanical Isolation
Hybrids fail to produce functional gametes; no reproductive continuity (ex. male donkey * female horse = mule, healthy but sterile)
Reduced hybrid fertility
RSM where sperm cannot fertilize eggs (ex. in aquatic species)
Gametic Isolation
1st gen hybrids are viable and fertile but offspring have reduced viability/fertility
Hybrid breakdown
formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution
speciation
model of speciation
- other homeland
- Populations begin to diverge when gene from between them is restricted / genetic divergence
Allopatric Speciation
Model of evolution
Phyletic evolution
One species replaces another
Pattern of evolution that results in linear descent with NO BRANCHING or splitting of the population
Anagenesis
aka paleospecies bc fossil remains that they leave are present in more than one geologic time horizon; very little changes from ancestor to descendants
chronospecies
Model of evolution
Branching evolution
When a new species branches out from a parent species
Evolutionary change and diversification resulting from the branching off of a new taxon from common ancestral lineages
Cladogenesis
term for species in parapatric speciation
ring species
often the first step in allopatric speciation
Geographic isolation
model of speciation
- same homeland
- Occurs in geographically overlapping populations when biological factors, such as chromosomal changes and nonrandom mating, reduce gene flow
Sympatric Speciation
model of speciation
2 separate regions occur with a zone of hybridization where the two sub-populations overlap
This small contact zone may be the result of unequal dispersal or distribution, incomplete geographical barriers
Parapatric Speciation
