History of Systematics Flashcards
Zoological systematics was attributed to him
Aristotle
He was the first to apply scientific induction to living beings
Aristotle
Period where human reasoning is rash and pre-mature, and is applied to nature
Ancient Greeks
In ancient greeks period, ______ reasoning was used.
deductive
Golden Age of Greece
Ancient Greeks Period
Aristotle’s student. He studied more on ?
Theophrastos; plants
Weakness of Aristotle and Theophrastos?
incomprehensible and unclear classification scheme
he was also able to distinguish vertebrate classes such as reptiles, mammals, and birds
Aristotle
period where use of terms, genus and species, became known
Ancient Greeks Period
divided the plant world according to habit: trees, shrubs, and herbs
Theophrastos
unity of a certain group
genus
members of a group or genus
species
genus and species were “classes” but in 20th century, ____ was now used to refer to any rank
taxon
this saying is why neither Plato or Aristotle didn’t see the necessity to develop a strict dichotomous key because it was implied that these shared characteristics were already apparent and obvious for anyone
Tertium non datur
there is no third option
Tertium non datur
either they belong to this genus or not
Tertium non datur
they grouped species together in this period based on an obvious characteristic
Ancient Greeks
hierarchical arrangement (existing levels)
Ladder of Nature Principle of Aristotle
Birth of Systematics
Renaissance
Key features of life for animals? plants?
animals- circulatory system (w/ red blood or w/o)
plants- growth and reproduction
hierarchical arrangement (existing levels)
Ladder of Nature Principle of Aristotle
opened an unbiased way of looking at nature; German botanists who arranged genera alphabetically
Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs, Conrad Gesner
Defined or undefined
The ladder of nature is focused on hierarchical arrangement of non-living things to living things with ______ barriers
Tertium non datur arranged species with no middle ground or _____ boundary
undefined barrier- ladder of nature
defined barrier- tertium non datur
mastered floral morphology
Hieronymus Bock
first who abandoned blind trust in ancient botany which resulted to botany reaching full maturity
Valerius Cordus
True or False
Systematics became a necessity in the renaissance period due to an increase in travel and trade from Portuguese and Spanish wc resulted to more knowledge. It was to keep pace w the great increase in knowledge (to organize, store, and retrieve information)
True
True or false
Technicalities were focused on the early renaissance period rather than actual observations
True.
Definition>Descriptions at this time
was considered to have the first scientific attempt at classification because he first observed, noted significant character combinations, then drew conclusions
Andrea Cesalpino
first to make a clear plea for classification using combination of characters
Pierre Magnol
first botanical systematist
Andrea Cesalpino
he used purely morphological classification and rejected all other methods
John Ray
first to use the term family
Pierre Magnol
he used conspicuous characters of roots, stems, seeds, and flowers
Pierre Magnol
empirical rather than deductive
John Ray
his aim was to provide a key; further established “genus,” the author of modern genus concept; because of him there was an increase in plant species; emphasized on names as indispensable requirement to know medicinal properties of plants
JOSEPTH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT
set of easily recognizable invisible characters which help us unlock an emphasis on names
(ex. fruits and flowers)
key
For him, systematics was like the thread of Ariadne. Also explain why
Carolus Linnaeus.
it offers order to botany by being a guide to scientists through problems, it also offers an acceptable system for botanists to reach the same conclusions
used terms such as monocotyledons and dicotyledons based on his own experience
John Ray
Why is Latin used as language in the binomial naming of species?
because it is unchanging or dead
followed Tournefort’s definition of genus, all species with the same geometrical design (in flowers) belonged to the same genus
Carolus Linnaeus
Linnaeus’ 4 criteria for a genus
number
shape
size
proportion
LINNAEUS’ 5 RANKS FOR CLASSIFICATION:
Class Order Genus Species Variety
Weakness of Linnaeus
he believed that species were unchanging or constant
Prime achievement of Linnaeus
practical classification
used comparative anatomy
present independent species may have arisen from a common ancestor (bc of certain patterns occuring)
gave rise to genealogical (phylogeny) element
Comte de Buffon
Species, for him, are organisms that can pro-create. “species is a physical identity, the sum of all individuals that form a reproductive community”
Comte de Buffon
introduced the time element in systematics
Comte de Buffon
Grandfather of Numerical Taxonomy; contribution: intrinsic weighing of characters – he made an inventory of characters to use as criteria for classification a posteriori
Michel Adanson
process of adanson that was the prototype of all natural systems in botany
intrinsic weighing of characters
1st to search about the role of heredity
Michel Adanson
idea that we had a common ancestor and there was this shared characteristic among species; Michel Adanson and Buffon was a proponent of this
hybridization
knowledge gained by analyzing facts and ideas; what you know beforehand
a priori
knowledge gained from experience, empirical data
a posteriori
history of evolution among species in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms
phylogeny
Period where scientists were already largely considering the element of time in systematics
Phylogenetic Systems Period
story of certain species by looking at its ancestry
phylogeny
proposed theory of evolution by natural selection
Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin
organisms produce more offspring that are able to survive, grow, and mature. those who are not fit for their environment are not able to reach age of maturity to reproduce
theory of evolution
fittest organisms are those that are most suited to whatever environment they are born into and can now reproduce; traits that allowed them to survived will be passed on to their progeny
natural selection
T or F
Natural selection was the idea that compelled them to explain evolution of life
True
Collected more than 100,000 insects, bird, and animal specimens that he gave to British museums
Concluded that living things evolve
Alfred Wallace
developed a system and divided plant kingdom into 13 divisions
Adolf Engler
13th plant division
spermatophyta or seed-bearing plants
Weakness of Adolf Engler
Weakness: how he equates simplicity to primitivity
Proponent of the Ranalian school of thought – according to them, angiosperm arose from gymnosperm
Charles Bessey
Considered seed plants as polyphyletic
Charles Bessey
