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Biology 110 > History of Systematics > Flashcards

History of Systematics Flashcards

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1
Q

Zoological systematics was attributed to him

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

He was the first to apply scientific induction to living beings

A

Aristotle

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3
Q

Period where human reasoning is rash and pre-mature, and is applied to nature

A

Ancient Greeks

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4
Q

In ancient greeks period, ______ reasoning was used.

A

deductive

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5
Q

Golden Age of Greece

A

Ancient Greeks Period

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6
Q

Aristotle’s student. He studied more on ?

A

Theophrastos; plants

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7
Q

Weakness of Aristotle and Theophrastos?

A

incomprehensible and unclear classification scheme

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8
Q

he was also able to distinguish vertebrate classes such as reptiles, mammals, and birds

A

Aristotle

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9
Q

period where use of terms, genus and species, became known

A

Ancient Greeks Period

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10
Q

divided the plant world according to habit: trees, shrubs, and herbs

A

Theophrastos

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11
Q

unity of a certain group

A

genus

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12
Q

members of a group or genus

A

species

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13
Q

genus and species were “classes” but in 20th century, ____ was now used to refer to any rank

A

taxon

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15
Q

this saying is why neither Plato or Aristotle didn’t see the necessity to develop a strict dichotomous key because it was implied that these shared characteristics were already apparent and obvious for anyone

A

Tertium non datur

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16
Q

there is no third option

A

Tertium non datur

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17
Q

either they belong to this genus or not

A

Tertium non datur

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17
Q

they grouped species together in this period based on an obvious characteristic

A

Ancient Greeks

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18
Q

hierarchical arrangement (existing levels)

A

Ladder of Nature Principle of Aristotle

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19
Q

Birth of Systematics

A

Renaissance

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20
Q

Key features of life for animals? plants?

A

animals- circulatory system (w/ red blood or w/o)

plants- growth and reproduction

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21
Q

hierarchical arrangement (existing levels)

A

Ladder of Nature Principle of Aristotle

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22
Q

opened an unbiased way of looking at nature; German botanists who arranged genera alphabetically

A

Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs, Conrad Gesner

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23
Q

Defined or undefined

The ladder of nature is focused on hierarchical arrangement of non-living things to living things with ______ barriers
Tertium non datur arranged species with no middle ground or _____ boundary

A

undefined barrier- ladder of nature

defined barrier- tertium non datur

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24
Q

mastered floral morphology

A

Hieronymus Bock

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25
Q

first who abandoned blind trust in ancient botany which resulted to botany reaching full maturity

A

Valerius Cordus

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26
Q

True or False

Systematics became a necessity in the renaissance period due to an increase in travel and trade from Portuguese and Spanish wc resulted to more knowledge. It was to keep pace w the great increase in knowledge (to organize, store, and retrieve information)

A

True

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27
Q

True or false

Technicalities were focused on the early renaissance period rather than actual observations

A

True.

Definition>Descriptions at this time

28
Q

was considered to have the first scientific attempt at classification because he first observed, noted significant character combinations, then drew conclusions

A

Andrea Cesalpino

29
Q

first to make a clear plea for classification using combination of characters

A

Pierre Magnol

30
Q

first botanical systematist

A

Andrea Cesalpino

31
Q

he used purely morphological classification and rejected all other methods

A

John Ray

32
Q

first to use the term family

A

Pierre Magnol

33
Q

he used conspicuous characters of roots, stems, seeds, and flowers

A

Pierre Magnol

34
Q

empirical rather than deductive

A

John Ray

35
Q

his aim was to provide a key; further established “genus,” the author of modern genus concept; because of him there was an increase in plant species; emphasized on names as indispensable requirement to know medicinal properties of plants

A

JOSEPTH PITTON DE TOURNEFORT

36
Q

set of easily recognizable invisible characters which help us unlock an emphasis on names

(ex. fruits and flowers)

A

key

37
Q

For him, systematics was like the thread of Ariadne. Also explain why

A

Carolus Linnaeus.

it offers order to botany by being a guide to scientists through problems, it also offers an acceptable system for botanists to reach the same conclusions

38
Q

used terms such as monocotyledons and dicotyledons based on his own experience

A

John Ray

39
Q

Why is Latin used as language in the binomial naming of species?

A

because it is unchanging or dead

40
Q

followed Tournefort’s definition of genus, all species with the same geometrical design (in flowers) belonged to the same genus

A

Carolus Linnaeus

42
Q

Linnaeus’ 4 criteria for a genus

A

number
shape
size
proportion

43
Q

LINNAEUS’ 5 RANKS FOR CLASSIFICATION:

A 
Class
Order
Genus
Species
Variety
44
Q

Weakness of Linnaeus

A

he believed that species were unchanging or constant

45
Q

Prime achievement of Linnaeus

A

practical classification

46
Q

used comparative anatomy
present independent species may have arisen from a common ancestor (bc of certain patterns occuring)
gave rise to genealogical (phylogeny) element

A

Comte de Buffon

47
Q

Species, for him, are organisms that can pro-create. “species is a physical identity, the sum of all individuals that form a reproductive community”

A

Comte de Buffon

48
Q

introduced the time element in systematics

A

Comte de Buffon

49
Q

Grandfather of Numerical Taxonomy; contribution: intrinsic weighing of characters – he made an inventory of characters to use as criteria for classification a posteriori

A

Michel Adanson

49
Q

process of adanson that was the prototype of all natural systems in botany

A

intrinsic weighing of characters

50
Q

1st to search about the role of heredity

A

Michel Adanson

51
Q

idea that we had a common ancestor and there was this shared characteristic among species; Michel Adanson and Buffon was a proponent of this

A

hybridization

52
Q

knowledge gained by analyzing facts and ideas; what you know beforehand

A

a priori

53
Q

knowledge gained from experience, empirical data

A

a posteriori

54
Q

history of evolution among species in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms

A

phylogeny

55
Q

Period where scientists were already largely considering the element of time in systematics

A

Phylogenetic Systems Period

56
Q

story of certain species by looking at its ancestry

A

phylogeny

57
Q

proposed theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin

58
Q

organisms produce more offspring that are able to survive, grow, and mature. those who are not fit for their environment are not able to reach age of maturity to reproduce

A

theory of evolution

59
Q

fittest organisms are those that are most suited to whatever environment they are born into and can now reproduce; traits that allowed them to survived will be passed on to their progeny

A

natural selection

60
Q

T or F

Natural selection was the idea that compelled them to explain evolution of life

A

True

61
Q

Collected more than 100,000 insects, bird, and animal specimens that he gave to British museums
Concluded that living things evolve

A

Alfred Wallace

62
Q

developed a system and divided plant kingdom into 13 divisions

A

Adolf Engler

63
Q

13th plant division

A

spermatophyta or seed-bearing plants

64
Q

Weakness of Adolf Engler

A

Weakness: how he equates simplicity to primitivity

65
Q

Proponent of the Ranalian school of thought – according to them, angiosperm arose from gymnosperm

A

Charles Bessey

66
Q

Considered seed plants as polyphyletic

A

Charles Bessey

Biology 110 (4 decks)

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