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Chemistry > Polymers of Life > Flashcards

Polymers of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Bonding between amines

A

Hydrogen bonding

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2
Q

Why can amine act as a base

A

The lone pair on the nitrogen can form a dative covalent bond with hydrogen ions and therefore can act as a base.

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3
Q

Bonding between amide

A

Hydrogen bonding between either N or O

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4
Q

How are amides formed

A

A condensation reaction between amides and carboxylic acids or acyl chlorides is called acylation

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5
Q

Define condensation

A

Two molecules react to form a larger molecule with the elimination of a smaller molecule.

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6
Q

What else can react to form amides

A

Ammonia and acyl chlorides

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7
Q

How are polyamides formed

A

A condensation reaction between diamines and dicarboxylic acids or diacyl chlorides

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8
Q

How are esters broken down

A

Broken down during hydrolysis using water and either an acid or base catalyst

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9
Q

How are amides broken down

A

Broken down during hydrolysis using water and either an acid or base catalyst

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10
Q

What is an enantiomers?

A

Non- superimposable mirror images of each, which cannot be rotated and has a chiral carbon

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11
Q

What is a chiral carbon

A

A chiral carbon is a carbon with four different functional groups attached to it.

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12
Q

What is a dipeptide

A

When two amino acids join

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13
Q

What is a tripeptide

A

When three amino acids join together

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14
Q

Structure of amino acid

A

H2NCRHCOOH

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15
Q

What is a zwitterion

A

Is an overall neutral molecule that has a both +ve and -ve charge in different parts of the molecule

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16
Q

What are proteins

A

Are condensation polymers, made by joining together a lot of amino acid monomers with peptide link

17
Q

How to break a protein

A

Hot HCl and heated under reflux for 24 hours, to produce ammonium salts of ammonium salts, and the final mixture is neutralised using a base

18
Q

Different protein structures

A
  1. Primary -> sequence of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
  2. Secondary -> Peptide links form hydrogen bonds to form either a- helix or B- pleated sheets
  3. Tertiary - > a - helix coiled into a tertiary structure using different bonds
19
Q

What bonds hold together tertiary structures

A
  1. Instantaneous dipole -induced dipole
  2. Ionic interactions (CO2 - AND NH3+)
  3. Hydrogen bonds
  4. Disulfide bridges (-SH)
20
Q

What do base pairings allow for?

A

Base pairing allows for:
Synthesis of a complementary copy of itself – this replication of DNA occurs before cell division
Synthesis of a complementary copy of messenger RNA (mRNA) which is essential for protein synthesis

21
Q

Process of Transcription ( chemistry version)

A
  1. Enzymes unzip a scetion of DNA relating to one protein - this strabd acts as atemplate
  2. RNA nucleotides are joined together by enzymes.

3.Once one section of DNA has been copied the double helix reforms

22
Q

Process of Translation ( chemistry version)

A

1.mRNA leaves the nucleus moving into the cytoplasm as translation is carried out by ribosomes.

  1. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, with the complementary anti-codon, bring amino acids to the mRNA in the ribosome.
  2. Amino acids are assembled into a growing polymer chain. Having delivered its
    amino acid, tRNA leaves the ribosome.
23
Q

How many possible base triplet combinations are there

A

64

24
Q

Describe what mRNA looks like

A

mRNA is a messenger RNA and is a single polynucleotide strand. Contains codons that are complementary to DNA’s codons

25
Q

Describe what tRNA looks like

A

Is a single polynucleotide strand that is folded into a clover shape. Has anticodons which complements the codons on mRNA

26
Q

What does the bonding within the tertiary structure of the enzymes mean?

A
  1. Sensitive to pH
  2. Sensitive to temperature (denature)
  3. Highly specific ( specific substrate)
27
Q

Why does the substrate make weak bonds with the enzyme

A

Allows products to leave the active site after the reaction

28
Q

Factors that enzymes are effected by

A
  1. Conc. of substrate
  2. pH
  3. Temperature
  4. Inhibitors
29
Q

What are competitive inhibitors

A

Molecules with similar shape to the substrate that block the active site so no substrate can fit.

30
Q

What is pharmacophore?

A

The ‘active ingredient’ that gives the drug its medicinal qualities

31
Q

What bonds do pharmacophores form with receptors

A

Hydrogen bonds
Metal coordination
Ionic bonds
Dipol-dipole interactions

32
Q
A

Chemistry (6 decks)

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