Developing Fuels

Question 1

Sigma bond is…

Answer 1

a type of covalent bond which forms when s-orbitals overlap

Question 2

Pi bond is…

Answer 2

a type of covalent bond which form when p-orbitals overlap . Appear above and below the bonding C atoms

Question 3

Hess Law’s is

Answer 3

the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the pathway taken between intial and final states.

Question 4

Enthalpy of neutralisation is..

Answer 4

when one mole of OH- reacts with H+ to form one mole of water under standard conditions

Question 5

Define catalyst

Answer 5

A substance that speeds uo the rate of reaction by finding an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy and is reproduced at the end of the reaction.

Question 6

Heterogeneous catalyst is

Answer 6

when the catalyst has a different physical state to the product

Question 7

Proof of incomplete combustion is…

Answer 7

when CO or C is produced

Question 8

What is a hydrogen fuel cell?

Answer 8

An electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of hydrogen and oxygen into electricity through redox reactions

Question 9

Stereoisomers are….

Answer 9

compounds with the same strucutral formula but different arrangement of atoms in space.

Question 10

What is E/Z isomerism

Answer 10

A type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation of pi bonds.

Question 11

E/Z isomers properties

Answer 11

E isomers = functional group on opposite sides, so is non polar, low mp/bp, weak bonds

Z isomers= functional group on the same side, polar, high mp/bp, strong bonds

Question 12

Define electronegativity

Answer 12

The relative ability of an atom to attract a pair of electrons in a covalent bond

Question 13

Ideal gas equations

Answer 13

pV = nRT

Question 14

What is calorimetry

Answer 14

An experimental method for finding an enthalpy change by measuring temperature change over time as a reaction occurs.

Question 15

F.UC.D

Answer 15

Formation Up Combustion Down

Question 16

What is catenation

Answer 16

When carbon forms strong covalent bonds with itself to give chains and rings of its atom

Question 17

Features of alkanes

Answer 17

Saturated hydrocarbons
General formula is CnH2n+2
Suffix = -ane
Physical properties change gradually in the series as the number of carbon atoms increases

Question 18

How to test for alkenes?

Answer 18

Add bromine water and shake turns from orange/brown to colourless

Question 19

How do heterogeneous catalysts work

Answer 19

1. Reactants adsorb to catalyst surface
2. Reactant bonds break
3. New bonds form to form new product
4. Product diffuses from catalyst surface

Question 20

Equations for catalytic convertors in cars converting harmful gases into less harmful ones

Answer 20

2NO +2CO —-> N2 + 2CO2

Question 21

What is octane number?

Answer 21

The tendency of a fuel to auto-ignite is measured using octane numbers

Question 22

What does a high octane number

Answer 22

Low tendency to auto-ignite

Question 23

Properties of alkenes

Answer 23

CnH2n
Unsaturated
Fewer Hydrogen bonds

Question 24

Conditions required for hydrogenation

Answer 24

Platinum catalyst at room temp/pressure

or

Nickel catalyst at high temperature and pressure

Question 25

Conditions required for hydration

Answer 25

High temperature, pressure and phosphoric acid or conc. sulfuric acid

Question 26

What is position isomer?

Answer 26

The functional group is on a different carbon atom.

Question 27

What is addition polymerisation?

Answer 27

Monomers are joined together to form polymers and forms only one product is formed

Question 28

What are co-polymers made from?

Answer 28

Polymers made from 2 different monomers

Question 29

What causes global warming , the effect and solution?

Answer 29

CO2 causes global warming, it causes ice caps to melt and sea levels to rise and tropical diseases. Use alternative fuels

Question 30

What causes acid rain , the effect and solution?

Answer 30

SO2 causes acid rain , it kills trees and aquatic life. Damages limestone statues and buildings. We can solve it by removing sulphur from fuel cataltic convertors

Question 31

What causes global dimming , the effect and solution?

Answer 31

Carbon particulate causes global dimming which respiratory problems , lung cancer and heart attack. We can solve this by well serviced engines.

Question 32

Advantages of biodiesel

Answer 32

Made from waste oil rather than using fossil fuel based oil Carbon neutral Contains virtually no sulfur, so reduces oxids of sulfur in emissions Produces less particulates, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons than petrol and diesel.

Question 33

Disadvantages of biodiesel

Answer 33

Produces more nitrogen oxides than conventional fossil fuels

Question 34

Advantages of hydrogen

Answer 34

Renewable can can be made by electrolysis of water Can be stored and sent down pipelines like methane Can be used in internal combustion engines or in a fuel cell to generate electricity Produces no carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons when burnt

Question 35

Disadvantages of hydrogen

Answer 35

Production from water is dependent on the use of electricity from fossil fuel power stations, less energy dense than petrol and oxides of nitrogen are still produced.

Question 36

How do fuel cells work?

Answer 36

Fuel cells convert the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent in an electrochemical cell.