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Chemistry > Polymerisation > Flashcards

Polymerisation Flashcards

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1
Q

describe condensation polymerisation

A

monomer has two different functional group that can react together
formation of small molecules

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2
Q

describe amino acid compound

A

amine + carboxylic acid group

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3
Q

amino acid + amino acid forms what bond

A

peptide/amide

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4
Q

how do you form a polyamide

A

amine group + carboxylic acid/acylchloride

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5
Q

describe reaction to form nylon 6,6

A

1,6- diaminohexane and hexanedioic acid

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6
Q

name the examples of polyamides

A

nylon 6,6
nylon 6
kevlar

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7
Q

why is acyl chloride used instead of acid

A

more reactive but more expensive

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8
Q

describe formation of nylon 6

A

not formed from condensation reaction

heated in nitrogen - break ring

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9
Q

describe characteristics of nylon

A

low density
strong
elasticity
clothing/ropes

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10
Q

describe structure of kevlar

A

long, linear polymer chains line next to each other in pattern
extensive hydrogen bonding between polymer chains

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11
Q

describe properties of kevlar

A

strong/flexible/fire resistant/used for bulletproof vest

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12
Q

what is the a-carbon

A

carbon connected to the hydrogen and functional groups (NH2/COOH)

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13
Q

which groups are non polar

A

alkyl groups

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14
Q

which groups are polar

A

alcohol

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15
Q

which groups are electrically charged

A

carboxylic acid/amine group

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16
Q

what is an amino acid residue

A

one unit of amino acid

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17
Q

describe proteins

A

polypeptide chains are unbranched
protein has unique sequence of amino acids - determined by DNA
each protein has specific biological function

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18
Q

definition of primary structure of proteins

A

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

amino acid determines folding for protein

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19
Q

definition of secondary structure of proteins

A

regular structure arrangement stabilised by hydrogen bonding between NH and CO

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20
Q

describe in detail secondary structure of proteins

A

a helix - hydrogen bonds formed parallel in same direction
flexible
R groups stick out
b pleated sheets - hydrogen bonds form between different polypeptide chain

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21
Q

definition of tertiary structure of proteins

A

further folding of polypeptide chain into 3D shape is stabilised by interactions between R groups

22
Q

describe in detail tertiary structure

A 
disulfide bridges (strong) made by oxidation reactions with cysteine molecules
weak vanderwaals (non polar amino acid residues)
weak hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds (ionised basic + acidic)
23
Q

how do we hydrolyse proteins

A

strong aq.acid/alkalie

24
Q

products of protein hydrolysis

A

With excess acid → ammonium salt

With excess alkali → sodium salts

25
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

26
Q

what makes up DNA and what does it do

A 
deoxyribose sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen-containing base
can make copies of itself
genetic code to synthesise proteins
27
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate units
two strands run in opposite directions
bases linked by hydrogen bonds

28
Q

how is DNA structure stabilised

A

hydrogen bonding between base pairs and vanderwaals between one pair and another

29
Q

describe semi conservative replication

A

hydrogen bonds between base pairs are broken
part of double helix unwinds
nucleotide triphosphates separate chain
enzyme catalyse the polymerisation reaction

30
Q

how are polyesters made

A

Carboxylic acid + alcohol → ester + water

31
Q

how are ester bonds broken

A

aq. h2so4 in reflux

32
Q

examples of polyesters

A

terylene

PLA

33
Q

how is terylene produced

A

benzene-1,4 dicarboxylic acid + ethane 1,2-diol
antimony (III) oxide catalyst
280 degrees

34
Q

what is the structure of lactic acid

A

HO - CH(CH3)-CO2H

35
Q

what is PLA used for

A

biodegradable plastics and starch

36
Q

describe low density poly(ethene)

A

non polar chains interact with each other through weak vanderwaals
heavily branched = low density/low mp

37
Q

describe high density poly(ethene)

A

straight chains with unbranched polymer chains = stronger/higher mp

38
Q

what do sulfur bridges in polymer chains do

A

make rubber more resilient

39
Q

describe traditional adhesives

A

organic solvent dissolve polymer that sticks surfaces together
solvent evaporates and solid polymer acts as glue

40
Q

properties of ester solvent in traditional adhesives

A

low toxicity
volatile
flammable

41
Q

describe non solvent based adhesives

A

water forms siloxane (Si-O) cross link between polymer chains
strong links formed by hydrolysis

42
Q

what are examples of non solvent base adhesives

A

SMPs
epoxy resins
superglue

43
Q

describe properties of SMPs

A

non toxic
environmentally friendly
set quickly

44
Q

describe epoxy resins

A

epoxyethane + diamine
condensation reaction
thermosets = covalent cross links
strong

45
Q

desribe super glue

A

addition reaction of monomers initiated by moisture

46
Q

types of degradable polymers

A

biodegradable plastics
photodegradable plastics
conducting plastics

47
Q

describe biodegradable plastics

A

have small starch granules so it can be decomposed quicker with higher surface area exposed
polyester/amides break down by acid hydrolysis in land fill

48
Q

describe photodegradable plastics

A

C=O absorb UV and weaken/break

buried plastics can’t be broken

49
Q

describe conducting plastics

A

alternate double/single bonds allows pi bonding to spread down polymer
overlapping p orbitals = delocalised electrons moving down polymer
doping = add iodine to improve electrical conductivity

50
Q

properties of conducting plastics

A

won’t corrode
less dense
shapes more easily
used for aeroplanes

51
Q

how to deduce an addition polymer

A

need to consist C=C only in backbone

copolymer = more than on unsaturated monomer

52
Q

how to deduce a condensation polymer

A 
possible functional groups:
Amine + carboxylic acid
Amine + acyl chloride
Carboxylic acid + alcohol
Acyl chloride + alcohol
links present in backbone

Chemistry (15 decks)

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