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Pols Flashcards

1
Q

Both meiosis and mitosis in human cells starts with “2n” cells. After mitosis, are daughter “1n” or 2n

A

2n

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2
Q

Both meiosis and mitosis in hunan cells starts with 2n cells. After meiosis, are the daughter cells 1 n or 2n

A

1n

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3
Q

In order to mate, yeast need to have different ? Types

A

Mating

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4
Q

What are the two methods of signaling we discussed in class that occur through cell to celll contact

A

Gap junction and receptor to ligand

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5
Q

What is the generic came for the molecule that binds to a receptor

A

LIgands

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6
Q

Describe autocrine signaling

A

self signaling

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7
Q

Describe paracrine signlings

A

One close by signaling short distance

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8
Q

describe endocrine signaling

A

signaling lots of cells long distances

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8
Q

describe endocrine signaling

A

signaling lots of cells long distances

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8
Q

describe endocrine signaling

A

signaling lots of cells long distances

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9
Q

What is a cytokine

A

small protein that d3eals with the growth of cells

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10
Q

Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes. Which chromosomes are consider somatic/ autosomal

A

first 22

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11
Q

Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosome, what are the names of the sex chromosomes?

A

XY

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12
Q

Compare chromosome with chromatin

A

Chromatin is unraveled DNA and chromosome ar supercondensed DNa in a double helix structure for correct separtion during cell replication.

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13
Q

Where along the chromosome would you find repetitive telomeric sequence

A

The ends

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14
Q

What type of retitive DNA sequence is found at the site where sister chromatids are held together?

A

Centromere

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15
Q

Interphase encompasses what three stages of the cell cycle?

A

G1,S,G2

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16
Q

Mitosis can be broken down into what four phases

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphasr, and telophase

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17
Q

In what phase of mitosis does DNA fist condense?

A

Prophase

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18
Q

What phase of mitosis follows the M checkpoint

A

Anaphase

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19
Q

In what phase of mitosis do the siter chromatide line up down the center of the cell

A

Metaphse

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20
Q

Name two things a cell check on before proceeding through the G1 checkpoint

A

DNA damage and Nutuients

21
Q

What molecule binds to a cell receptor in initiate pathway tha eventuallly lead to cyclin D accumulation

A

Cycline- dependent Kinases

22
Q

Rb is a tumor suppressor, what modification causes Rb to relase the E2 transcription factor

A

Low number of phosphate groups

23
Q

Do one or both copies of proto-oncogenes need to be mutated to lead to sustain cell prolieferation signals

A

just one

24
Q

Do one or both copies of tumor suppressor genes need to be nutated to lead to loss of cell cycle checkpoints

A

both

25
Q

The pro- and Anti-apoptotic protein balance occurs at which cellular organelle?

A

Mitochondria

26
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that can lengthen telomere sequences

A

Telomerase

27
Q

ANiogenesis refers to the process of building which featre in the body

A

blood cessels

28
Q

New tumors tha tgrow in differnt tissures than where the primary tumor occurred are called what m word?

A

metastatic tumor

29
Q

What cell type can become carcinomas

A

Squamous cells

30
Q

Do cell differentiate or de-d ifferentiate during the epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition

A

Differentiate

31
Q

During which stage to tetrads line up down the center of cells, meiosis I or mesiosis 2

A

meiosis 1

32
Q

The central dogma states DNA- RNA- Protein. Genotype describe which of these three macromolecules

A

DNA

33
Q

What is the difference between a carcter and a trait

A

Characcteristic is phenotype f shown things, train is the feature of each like the different eye colors

34
Q

What genotypes do the F1 genration have if organisms with genotypes DD and dd are crossed

A

Heterozyfus for Dd

35
Q

In a monohybrid cross, what are the espected ratios of the genotypes of the offspring

A

1:0 100% heterozygous for Dd

36
Q

What process is used during meiosis ! to create novel, mosaic chromosome structures?

A

Crossing over events

37
Q

Crosses of snapdragons with red and white flowers result in offspring with what color of flowers

A

Pink flower

38
Q

What form of t non-mendelian genetics causes the AB blood type, incomplete dominance or co-dominance

A

Co-dominance

39
Q

What blood types would be possible in the child with parents of type O and type AB blood

A

Type A and type B

40
Q

Hemophilia is an X-linked genetic disease. Are most hemophiliacs male or female

A

male

41
Q

WHat is a point mutation

A

1 nucleotide is replaced with another nucleotide, 1 nucleotide changes, any copies of DNA using the mutated stand as template will also have mutation

42
Q

Indel mutaion cuase short ? and ?

A

Insertion and deletion

43
Q

Some polumerases can also destroy DNA in a 3’ to 5; direction if they have

A

Exonulease

44
Q

What kind of electromagnetic wave can cause pyrimidine dimers

A

UV

45
Q

name mone kind of electomagneic wave that can cuase double-standed DNA breaks

A

X-ray

46
Q

What genetic tool do scientist use to cuase a doubl.e-stranded DNA break exactly where the target

A

CRISPR

47
Q

NHEJ is prone to what kind of mut8ion when attempyin yo repain a DNA double-standed break

A

Indel mutation

48
Q

HR makes use of what DNa sequence to repair a DNA double-stranded break

A

Homologous chromosome sequence

49
Q

Can molecular oxygen pass through a phospholipid bilayer without a channel or pump?

A

yes

50
Q

Can carbon dioxide pass through a phospholipid bilayer without a channel or pump?

A

yes

51
Q

Can water pass through a phospholipid bilayer without a channel or pump?

A

no

52
Q

Can glucose pass through a phospholipid bilayer without a channel or pump?

A

no

pols (3 decks)

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