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POLRR - 70s to 60BC Flashcards

1
Q

Who were the consuls in 70BC?

A

Pompey and Crassus

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2
Q

Which of Sulla’s reforms did Pompey and Crassus undo?

A
  • Revived censorship
  • Restored tribune’s right to veto
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3
Q

What was the Lex Aurelia and when was it passed?

A

70BC - made the jury into equal parts, tribunes, senators and equites (1/3)

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4
Q

When was In Verrum

A

70BC

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5
Q

What was In Verrum?

A

A prosecuting speech made by Cicero during the trial of ex-govenor of Sicily Verres

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6
Q

How did Cicero give a highly rhetorical performance during In Verrum?

4 things - exageration, danger, conspiracy and crimes

A
  1. Hyperbole - show the danger of Verres to the senate, Roman people and the world
  2. Emphasis of personal danger posed by Verres to which Cicero barely escapes
  3. Creates negative picture of Verres - evidence of vast conspiracy tht Verres controlled all the elections that year via bribary
  4. A list of crimes - some are only hinted at as they are too bad to be said
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7
Q

How does Verres try to prevent the trial?

2 things - Bribary, diversion

A
  1. Bribes to block Cicero’s election to Aedileship
  2. Verres creates own inquiry that takes place 2 days earlier Cicero’s - less time to investigate Verres and so that the trial would fall when Hortensius (V’s advocate) would be consul and Quintus (friend’s brother) would be president of the court
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8
Q

What does the public fear about Verres’ behavior?

A

It was so disgraceful that the senate would inevitale be disgraced and lose control of the courts

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9
Q

Who was Cicero up against in the In Verrum trial and why does this matter?

A

Hortensius - supporter of Verres and one of the most powerful orators in Rome

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10
Q

What was the outcome of In Verrum for Verres?

A

Went into voluntary exile in Massilia before trial ended but was condemned to outlawry in absential and received a fine of 2/2.5 times what he extorted

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10
Q

How does Cicero show his own decisive actions in In Verrum?

3 things - time, lack of break, witness

A
  1. Speed and thoroughnes in collecting evidence
  2. Presented the case immediately without 40 day recess
  3. Decided to call witness at ocne to avoid prolongaton of trial with lengthy speeches
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11
Q

What was the outcome of In Verrum for Cicero?

A
  • Defeat of Hortensius made him supreme orator in Rome
  • Helped to build up clientela and amicitia
  • Gained the support of the equites and Sicilians
  • Aligned himself with Pompey’s consulship
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12
Q

Political significance of In Verrum?

A

64 senators immediately replaced

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13
Q

What year does Cicero become Aedile?

A

69BC

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14
Q

What year was the Lex Gabinia?

A

67BC

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15
Q

What was the Lex Gabinia and who was it given to?

A

Pompey - gave imperium to fight the pirates who were depleating the grain supplies

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16
Q

When was the Lex Manilia?

A

66BC

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17
Q

What was the Lex Manilia and who was it given to?

A

Pompey - to fight Mithridates in the East

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18
Q

What did Rome gain when Pompey defeated Mithridates in 66BC?

9 things

A
  • Increased territory
  • Gained allies
  • Treasure (480million sesterces)
  • Increased revenue/taxation (by 70%)
  • Secured peace
  • Reorganised eastern provinces
  • Client kingdoms
  • Created province of Bithynia-Pontus
  • Formed Syria from territory of Seleucids and Judaea and enlarged Cilicia
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19
Q

Why and how did Cicero openly support the Lex Manilia but not the Lex Gabinia?

A

He became praetor in 66BC and no longer felt the need to hide his support of the populist Pompey from his own optimate supporters. Made the Pro Lege Manilia

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20
Q

When did Cicero successfully defend his first senator in court?

A

69BC

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21
Q

Who did Cicero defend in 69BC and what was the crime?

A

Marcus Fonteius - against an accusation of extortion during his recent govenorship in Cisalpine Gaul

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22
Q

When did Cicero make the De Rege Alexandrino speech?

A

65BC

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23
Q

What year is Cicero elected to consulship and why was that special?

A

64BC, elected suo anno despite being a novus homo

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24
Who backed Ciero during the 64BC election for consul?
- The optimates (due to opposition of Cataline and lack of suitable canditates) - Equites - Italians - Pompey and his clients
25
Who was Ciero running against in the 63BC election for consulship and what as the speech he made against his rival?
Cataline - oratio in toga candida
26
What year was Cicero elected consul?
63BC
27
When was the speech In Rullium, who said it and what was it about?
63BC - Cicero argued against a land reform bill, which would create a commission of ten men for 5 years who would control the redistribution of land
28
Who supported the Rullum bill and why was Cicero against it?
Secretly suported by Crassus and Caesar, publically supported by all ten tribunes. Believed that it was a fraudulent gesture of populism, that would give people the power of Kings
29
Who did Cicero bribe to prevent the passing of the bill, why and what did Cicero give him?
Antonius (co-consul) - was bankrolled by Crassus and supported by Caesar. Was expected to support the bill but Cicero offered him the province of Macedonia (v.wealthy province for Cicero to govern after consulship)
30
How did Cicero use his clientele in Sicily during his Aedileship in 69BC?
Sicily is v. fertile and produces a lot of grain - allowed Cicero to put on a grain subsidy
31
When was the trial of Murena?
63BC
32
What was the trial of Murena?
Cicero had managed to get Murena elected for the 62BC consulship instead of Cataline. Murena also beat Rufus. Cato and Rufus decided to prosecute Murena for electoral bribary, while Cicero defended him
33
Who won the trial the trial of Murena?
Cicero
34
When was the Catalinarian Conspiracy?
64-63BC
35
What was the Catilinarian Conspiracy?
Catiline plans to overthrow/murder Cicero - alledged to have raised an army from the urban poor, appealing to political promises of the anulment of debt
36
How did Cicero raise the attention of the Catilinarian Conspiracy?
Held a senate meeting in the Temple of Jupiter and announced what Catiline was planning to do - forcing Catiline to flee Rome
37
What is the significance of Cicero denouncing Catiline in the Temple of Jupiter?
Announcing it in front of the Gods and in front of the founders of Rome - had sculptures of Romulus and Remus
38
What is the SCU?
Senatus Consultum Ultimum - a decree of the senate passed in times of crisis allowing the suspension of the normal restrictions placed on consuls to do whatever was necessary to protect the state
39
What did Cicero pass during his consulship in 63BC? ## Footnote Think Catilinarian Conspiracy
The SCU
40
What did the SCU allow Cicero to do to the Conspirators, who suggested it and who was against it?
He put them to death without trial (despite roman citizenship). Cato was for it but Caesar was against it
41
Who called Cicero 'Parens Patriae' after the Catilinarian Conspiracy
Cato
42
What year was Caesar elected as pontifex maximus?
63BC
43
What year was the Bona Dea scandal?
62BC
44
What was the Bona Dea scandal?
Clodius committed sacrilege by dressing up as a woman to infiltrate the woman only festival of the Bona Dea - festival for the Goddess Demeter (rumoured to be having an affair with Caesar's wife who was hosting)
45
Who supported Clodius and who provided evidence against during the BD trial?
Caesar and Crassus supported Clodius while Cicero broke Clodius's alibi by saying that he saw Clodius enter the house
46
What was the outcome of the Bona Dea scandal?
Caesar divorced his wife (but without admitting any guilt on her part, no one could accuse him of condoning sacrilege) and Clodius was found innocent with a jury that had been bribed in his favour
47
When was the Rabirius Trial?
63BC
48
What was the Rabirius Trial?
Caesar and Labienus (trib of pleb) accused the old Senator Rabirius of murder using the SCU. Cicero was in defence but praetor Metellus had this trial abandoned later
49
Why did Caesar want the Rabirius Trial/what was he trying to prove?
Made the case a proxy for debate about the importance of tribunes and the legitimacy (or otherwise) of both the SCU and the 'special commands' - Pompey and the Catilinarian Conspiracy
50
When was Cato Tribune of the Plebs?
62BC
51
What did Cato do to Nepos to prevent him from recalling Pompey to sort out any remaining Catiline supporters and why? (62BC)
Did everything he could to prevent him from speaking - such a popular and militarily powerful like Pompey was not welcome
52
What did Cato pass in 62BC and what did it do?
Lex frumentaria - reducing the price of grain
53
When did Pompey return from the East after fighting Mithridates?
62BC
54
What did Pompey want after he returned from the East? (relevant to First Triumvirate)
1. Ratification of his settlement in the East 2. Land for his veterens
55
Did the senate approve Pompey's requests when he returned in 62BC?
No they rejected him
56
What did Crassus propose to the senate on behalf of the equites in 61BC?
They should get a tax rebate as they massively overbid on tax contracts for the province of Asia and weren't able to collect enough tax due to the mithridatic war
57
Was Crassus successful in helping the equites in 61BC?
No, the senate rejected their request (although Cicero thought they should have the rebate to help uphold cursus honorum)
58
What did Caesar ask the senate to do when he came back from Hispania in 60BC?
To have a triumph and to run for consul in absentia
59
Was Caesar sucessful in his requests to the senate in 60BC?
No, they refused his request to do both (Cato in particular) and forced him to choose one or the other
60
Which did Caesar choose: a triumph or the ability to run for consul?
The consulship
61
When was the First Triumvirate formed and who is in it?
60BC - Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
62
Why was the First Triumvirate formed?
All of their requests had been rejected by the senate and they wanted to overcome their opposition and get their laws passed
63
Who did Caesar give an offering to, to join the first trimvirate and why did he not accept?
Cicero - refused to join as it went against his ideas of concordia ordinum and generally opposed Pompey and Caesar
64
What was the De Rege Alexandrino speech about?
Cicero argued against Crassus' attempt to annexe Egypt nder terms of a probably false will of Ptolemy X

Classical civilisations (7 decks)

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