POLRR 59-50BC

Question 1

When was Caesar’s consulship?

Answer 1

59BC

Question 2

Who else was consul with Caesar?

Answer 2

Bibulus

Question 3

Who was Bibulus in relation to Cato?

Answer 3

Son in law

Question 4

What happened when Caesar attempted to bring a land allocation bill to the senate and where did he take it next?

(not Lex Campania which was slightly later on)

Answer 4

Cato and the optimates rejected. He then took it to the tribunes who passed it

Question 5

What did Bibulus claim which made any laws Caesar passed to be invalid/illegal?

Answer 5

He claimed a holy period

Question 6

Why did Bibulus claim a holy period?

Answer 6

Pompey was threatening him and even called his veterens in to make sure that the bill was passed (concern for his safety)

Question 7

When was the Lex Campania?

Answer 7

59BC

Question 8

What was the Lex Campania?

Benefits Pompey

Answer 8

It ruled that the remaining public land of Italy (in Campania) should be divided into 200,000 pieces of land and distributed to veterens and fathers of large urban families

Question 9

What did the Lex Campania mean for the rural peasants and what was it a symbolic gesuture of?

Answer 9

It uprooted significant numbers who had been cultivating the land and was a guesture of the importance and power of the military and the urban populace

Question 10

How did Caesar use his first consulship to benifit crassus and the equites?

Answer 10

With the help of the tribune Publius Vatinus, Caesar was able to get the equites a tax rebate of 1/3

Question 11

What other ways did Caesar use Vatinus to help satisfy the desires of the Triumvirate?

Answer 11

• Pompey’s eastern settlement was ratified
• Crassus’ tax farmers have the price of their contracts reduced by half

Question 12

Who did Caesar give Plebian status, how and why?

Answer 12

Clodius (was o.g. Claudius) by allowing him to be adopted by a plebian father (who was only 20) so that he could join the Tribune of the Plebs

Question 13

What military command did Caesar establish for himself for after his consulship?

Answer 13

Militar command of Gaul and Illyricum for 5 years with 3-4 legions

Question 14

When did Clodius become Tribune of the Plebs?

Answer 14

58BC

Question 15

What was the two bills Clodius passed as Tribune?

Answer 15

1. Made lawful again the right of association in collegia
2. Denied ‘fire and water’ to anyone who had put citizens to death without trial

Question 16

Why was Cicero exiled in 58BC and who refused to help him?

Answer 16

He put to death Roman citizens without trial during the Catilinarian Cospiracy in 63BC - which was now illegal to do
Pompey and Caesar

Question 17

When was Cato sent to annex Cyprus, who did this allow him to help?

Answer 17

58BC - Clodius and his corn dole

Question 18

What did Clodius’ ‘collegia’ bill create?

Answer 18

Created gangs which were loyal to Clodius - attacked Pompey, so Pompey retaliated with his own gangs (gang warfare)

Question 19

When was Cicero back from exile?

Answer 19

57BC

Question 20

Who helped Cicero come back from exile?

Answer 20

Pompey got the help/support of tribunes Lentulus and Milo. In the end 147 senators voted in favour of Cicero’s return

Question 21

How did Cicero try to repay Pompey after getting him back from exile?

Answer 21

Spoke in favour of Pompey being given the ‘Curator of the Grain supply’ - had 15 legates, total control of all the ports and trading centers with the authority to arrange the distribution of food stuffs for 5 years

Question 22

How did Cicero supporting Pompey as ‘Curator of the Grain Supply’ undermind the rest of the Triumvirate?

Answer 22

Would make Pompey once again virtually the master of all Roman possessions by sea and by land which wouldn’t please Caesar and Crassus

Question 23

When was the conference at Luca?

Answer 23

56BC

Question 24

Why did the Triumvirate meet at Luca?

Answer 24

To try to mend things and it was the closest point in Gaul (so that Caesar wouldn’t be arrested)

Question 25

What was the outcome for Caesar after the conference of Luca?

Answer 25

Had his command in Gaul renewed for another 5 years

Question 26

What was the outcome for Crassus after the conference at Luca?

Answer 26

- Consulship with Pompey in 55BC - Military campaign in Syria in 55-53BC

Question 27

What was the outcome for Pompey after the conference at Luca

Answer 27

- Consulship with Crassus for 55BC - Govenorship in Spain in absentia (via legates)

Question 28

What happened in 54 and 53BC respectively, that helped to lead to the Triumvirate breaking down?

Answer 28

54BC - Caesar's daughter (also Pompey's wife) died in childbirth along with the baby - lost of amicitia 53BC - Crassus died in his campaign in Syria

Question 29

Who killed Clodius in 52BC?

Answer 29

Milo - a gang leader

Question 30

Why could election not be held in 52BC and what was the senates response to this?

Answer 30

Due to the severe gang violence on the streets of Rome - the senate made Pompey the sole consul for that year

Question 31

Who did Pompey marry after Julia, why is this significant and what did he later do to his father in law?

Answer 31

The daughter of the conservative Quintus Metellus Scipio - which demonstrated the emergence of a new bond between Pompey and the Senatorial elite. He later made him the second Consul in 52BC

Question 32

What legislation did Pompey pass in his consulship of 52BC and which of these affected Caesar?

Answer 32

1. Against public violence 2. 5 year gap between holding office as consul or praetor and provincal command 3. The candidates must appear in person at elections (2 and 3 affected Caesar)

Question 33

Which of the laws Pompey passed in 52BC was Caesar exempt from?

Answer 33

The candidates must appear in person at elections - all 10 tribunes passed a law exempting Caesar, Pompey supported

Question 34

When was Cicero sent to govern Cilicia?

Answer 34

51-50BC

Question 35

Who was agitated to remove Caesar from his command in Gaul, who stopped him at the time but indicated when it would be legal? (in 51-50BC)

Answer 35

M.Marcellus (Consul for 51BC), Pompey prevented this but indicated it would legitimate to discuss Caesar's recall after 1 March 50BC

Question 36

Who vetoed the discussion of Caesar's replacement in 50BC, why and what did he propose instead?

Answer 36

Curio (tribune for 50BC) who was working on Caesar's behalf due to debt repayment - suggested that both Caesar and Pompey give up their extraordinary commands ## Footnote He proposed this idea twice but was vetoed twice

Question 37

Did Pompey accept the proposal of Caesar and him giving up their commands at the same time and what counter-proposal did he make? ## Footnote What did Curio do about this counter-proposal?

Answer 37

No - instead proposed that Caesar leave his province on the 13th November 50BC (Curio vetoed this)

Question 38

When the senate asked Pompey and Caesar to give up a legion in aid of the Syrian War, why was it harsher on Caesar?

Answer 38

Pompey asked for the return of the legion he previously lent Caesar - Caesar was weakened by the loss of 2 legions while Pompey lost none

Question 39

When did Cicero request a triumph, why and was he sucessful in his request?

Answer 39

50BC - defeated some people trying to invade Cilicia. He was not successful and Cato/the optimates/the senate blocked him

Question 40

When did Curio flee Rome to join Caesar and who took his spot?

Answer 40

Late 50BC, and Mark Antony