POLRR 49-43BC

Question 1

When did Caesar cross the Rubicon?

Answer 1

49BC

Question 2

What were the reasons for Caesar crossing the Rubicon?

3 things - crime, money and protection

Answer 2

1. Fear of impeachment/being tried as a private citizen
2. Financial difficulties - couldn’t fufil his promises to his men
3. To protect the tibunes - they were expelled out of Rome

Question 3

Who failed to intercept Caesar at Cofinium and what was the result?

Answer 3

Domitus Ahenobarbus - surrendered with 3 legions and Caesar gave him clementia

Question 4

What was the first thing Caesar did when he arrived at Rome in 49BC

Answer 4

He broke into the treasury

Question 5

What did Pompey do when he saw that Caesar was approaching Rome?

Answer 5

Send Ahenobarbus to stop him, and then fled Rome to Greece

Question 6

What did Cicero do during 49BC?

3 things - supervision, attempts at reconcilation, join side

Answer 6

He supervised Campania, attempted to get Caesar and Pompey to make up but after 3 months he sailed to Greece to be with Pompey

Question 7

Who was consul and dictator in 48BC?

Answer 7

Caesar

Question 8

What was the first battle between Pompey and Caesar?

Answer 8

The Battle of Pharsalus

Question 9

When was the battle of Pharsalus?

Answer 9

48BC

Question 10

What was the outcome for the Battle of Pharsalus?

Answer 10

Caesar won and Pompey lost

Question 11

Did Cicero fight in the battle of Pharsalus?

Answer 11

No - apparently was ill

Question 12

When was Pompey killed and how?

Answer 12

48BC, he escaped to Egypt but was then assassinated

Question 13

After Pompey’s defeat at the BP, who did Cato ask to take command of the troops and what was their response?

Answer 13

Cicero - he refused

Question 14

What did Cicero do after the BP?

Answer 14

He went to Brundisium to wait for Caesar’s pardon and started to write philosophy after the death of his daughter and the divorce from his wife

Question 15

Who did Caesar reinstall as Queen in Egypt in 47BC

Answer 15

Cleopatra

Question 16

When was the Battle at Zela?

Answer 16

47BC

Question 17

Who did Caesar beat in the Battle of Zela?

Answer 17

Pharnaces (veni, vidi, vici)

Question 18

What was Caesar made in 46BC?

Answer 18

Dictator 10 years

Question 19

When did Cato commit suicide and why?

Answer 19

46BC - didn’t want Caesar to rule over him as it was against his stoic beliefs

Question 20

When was the Battle of Thapsus?

Answer 20

46BC

Question 21

What was the outcome of the Battle of Thapsus?

Answer 21

Caesar won and the optimates defeated

Question 22

When was the Battle of Munda?

Answer 22

45BC

Question 23

Who was the Battle of Munda against and who won?

Answer 23

Caesar against the sons of Pompey - Caesar won (end of Civil War)

Question 24

When was Caesar declaired Dictator Perpetuo?

Answer 24

44BC February

Question 25

What did Caesar do to the senate when he became Dictator for life and why?

Answer 25

Strengthened the Senate from 600 to 900 - allowing lower classes to becme senators, the republic becomes more goverened and dilutes the senators individual power (prevents another Caesar)

Question 26

What did Caesar include when he was rebuilding the city during his DP and what does that suggest?

Answer 26

He extended the forum to create 'Julian forum' - a temple of Venus Genetrix in the center (Caesar is desended from Venus through Aeneas, making Caesar's family the heart of Rome)

Question 27

Who did Caesar create overseas colonies for during his DP?

Answer 27

Veterans and the urban poor

Question 28

How much was the pay rise for soldiers during Caesar's DP?

Answer 28

Went from 120 denarii to 225 denarii a year

Question 29

What other things did Caesar bring about during his DP? | 4 things - date system, elections, bribary, crime

Answer 29

1. The Roman Calendar 2. Brought the elections under control 3. Banned bribary in the courts 4. Increased the penalities for crime

Question 30

What did Caesar do to the juries during his DP?

Answer 30

He made them just senators and equites (undoing what Pompey and Crassus did in 70BC)

Question 31

What did Caesar supress during his DP and who were the exeptions?

Answer 31

Private clubs and collegia except guilds of craftsmen and Jewish synagogues

Question 32

When did Caesar get assasinated?

Answer 32

44BC March

Question 33

What did Caesar plan to do before he was assassinated (may have caused the plans for assassination to be moved forwards)

Answer 33

Campaign against the Parthians, as they stole some legionary eagles when Crassus died (basically revenge)

Question 34

Who were among the 60 assasins?

Answer 34

Brutus and Cassius

Question 35

What did Caesar use during/after the civil war and how did that come back to bite him?

Answer 35

Clemancy - pardoned those who faught against him, causing them to be indebted to him (may have been cause of assassination)

Question 36

Where was Caesar murdered?

Answer 36

The senate house

Question 37

Who was being distracted by Trebonius while Caesar was being murdered?

Answer 37

Mark Antony

Question 38

What did Mark Antony do after the Ides of March?

Answer 38

He went to Caesar's house to collect Caesar's papers and funds

Question 39

Who mediated between Brutus/Cassius and Mark Antony?

Answer 39

Cicero

Question 40

What was the outcome of the mediation between the assassins and Mark Antony?

Answer 40

That Mark Antony stays consul, Caesar gets a funeral and the assassins are pardoned

Question 41

What happens at Caesar's funeral? ## Footnote 3 things - will, money, riot

Answer 41

1. Caesar's will was read out 2. Each citizen got 300 sesterces each 3. Antony gave such an emotive speech that the assassins had to flee Rome due to rioting

Question 42

Who was Caesar's heir?

Answer 42

Octavian

Question 43

What did Antony proposed to do and who supported it?

Answer 43

Proposed to abolish the Dictatorship - Cicero approved

Question 44

When was the Philipics created?

Answer 44

44BC

Question 45

Why was the 1st Philippic created?

Answer 45

Antony made threats regarding Cicero when he didn't show up at a senate meeting for the proposal of a holiday honouring Caesar (Cicero was trying to visit his son in Greece). Cicero retaliated

Question 46

What did Cicero say in the 1st Philippic?

Answer 46

He appealed for harmony, moderation and a criticism of Antony's policies in the name of Caesar

Question 47

Why was the 2nd Philippics created?

Answer 47

Antony returned to the Senate (Cicero didn't as he recognised the situation grew more urgent) with armed men and attacked Cicero's entire career

Question 48

What did Cicero say in the Second Philippics?

Answer 48

Painted Antony as a debauched tyrant, unfit for public life in every way; he mocked his behavior and made him out to be shame to his family and his country

Question 49

What was Octavian do in the mean time in 44BC

Answer 49

Raised an illegal army from Caesar's old troops/supporters

Question 50

What did Cicero propose when he found out about Octavian's army?

Answer 50

He should be made senator and propraetor to support the consuls Hiritus and Pansa against Antony

Question 51

Who did Antony take governorship of Cisalpine Gaul from (while still commanding Macedonia) and why?

Answer 51

Decimus Brutus - so that he could keep control over Italy and remove control of legions from one of the conspirators (infringment on Caesar's acts)

Question 52

What did Decimus Brutus do when Antony tried to take the governorship of Gaul away from him?

Answer 52

Refused to yield and held out against a seige by Antony at Mutina

Question 53

When was the Battle of Mutina?

Answer 53

43BC

Question 54

Who was defeated at the Battle of Mutina in 43BC?

Answer 54

Antony

Question 55

What did Octavian demand from Antony during his consulship of 44BC?

Answer 55

- Caesar's money - Public sanction of adoption (Antony refused)

Question 56

Why did Octavian intervene during the Battle of Mutina?

Answer 56

Both consuls died so he stepped in

Question 57

How did Cicero attempt to snub/discard Octavian after the battle of Mutina?

Answer 57

- Awarded Decimus Brutus a triumph (and a command against Antony) - They granted supreme command of eastern provinces to Brutus and Cassius

Question 58

Why did Octavian march on Rome in 43 BC?

Answer 58

- Refused to cooperate with Decimus Brutus - Surrender his legions - Refused consulship by Cicero and Senate (Octavian only 20)

Question 59

What did Octavian do when he seized Rome in 43BC

Answer 59

- Seized the treasury - Made arrangements for consular elections (he and his cousin elected)

Question 60

When was the Second Triumvirate formed?

Answer 60

November 43BC

Question 61

Who was in the Second Trimvirate?

Answer 61

Octavian, Antony and Lepidus

Question 62

What did the Second Trimvirate put in place?

Answer 62

Proscriptions

Question 63

Who was killed by the proscriptions of 43BC?

Answer 63

Cicero