POLLUTION Flashcards
1
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Atmosphere
A
Contains all the air in the earth’s system
2
Q
Troposphere
A
the lowest layer of the atmosphere which extends from the surface of the Earth up to 12 kilometers in height
3
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Troposphere
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holds the air that plants need for photosynthesis as well as the oxygen that other living things need to breath
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Troposphere
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Most of the daily weather we experience happens within this layer.
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stratosphere
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Located above the Troposphere which extends from 12km to 50km above the Earth’s Surface
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Stratosphere
A
Known as the Earth’s Ozone Layer
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Stratosphere
A
Temperature in this region increase in height
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Stratosphere
A
Nearly cloud and weather free but can have polar stratospheric clouds specifically in areas with high latitude during winter
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Stratosphere
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the highest part of the atmosphere where jet planes can fly
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mesosphere
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Located between 50km to 80km, temperatures in this layer is much colder compared to the first two mentioned
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mesosphere
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Average temperature in this layer can reach up to - 85 °C
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mesosphere
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layer of the earth where meteorite burns upon entering the atmosphere
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thermosphere
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Located between 80km to 700km
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thermosphere
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closes layer of atmosphere to the sun which temperature can reach up to 2,000 °C
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thermosphere
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Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis can be seen in this layer
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ionosphere
A
Not a distinct layer like the others
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ionosphere
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overlaps or serves as the transition boundary of the mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere
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ionosphere
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grows or shrinks depending on the absorbed energy from the sun
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Ionosphere
A
Its name comes from the electrically charged ions within this layer.
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exosphere
A
Located between 700km to 10,000km and the highest layer of the atmosphere
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exosphere
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There is no weather in this layer and aurora are sometimes can be seen in its lowest part
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exosphere
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Most of the satellites orbit in this layer
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Q
Primary and secondary pollutants
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2 types of air pollutants
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Primary pollutants
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Emitted directly from identifiable source
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Secondary pollutants
Produced in the atmosphere when certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants
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Particulate matter
Consists of a variety of solid particles and liquid droplets
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Particulate matter
small and light enough to remain suspended in the air for long periods.
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Particulate matter
soil particles, soot, lead, asbestos, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets
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Sources of particulate matter
Combustion of fuel, industrial processes, construction activities natural sources
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Sulfur oxides (Sox), Nitogen Oxide and Nitric Acid (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ammonia (NH3)
Common air pollutants
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Sulfur oxides (Sox)
Gas, colorless and odorless in low concentrations, but with irritating odor in high concentrations.
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Sulfur oxides (Sox)
Causes acid precipitation.
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Sources of Sulfur oxides (Sox)
Burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes (metal smelting, oil refining), volcanic eruption
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NO (95%) and NO2 (5%)
play a role in the formation of photochemical smog
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Photochemical smog
a mixture of chemicals formed under the influence of sunlight in cities with heavy traffic
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Sources of Nitogen Oxide and Nitric Acid (NOx)
Burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes (metal smelting, oil refining, volcanic eruption
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Colorless, odorless, and highly toxic gas that forms during the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials.
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Sources of Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, industrial process, wildfires.
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Ammonia (NH3)
Colorless gas with pungent smell
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Sources of Ammonia (NH3)
Agricultural activities, production of chemicals, decomposition of organic matter
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Ozone
a colorless and highly reactive gas, is a major ingredient of photochemical smog
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Ozone
a secondary pollutant that forms from the primary pollutants such as Volatile Organic Compounds (Hydrocarbons) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the presence of sunlight.
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Ozone
Its formation is mainly from the automobile emissions
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Secondary particulate matter
Particulate matter formed in the atmosphere from chemical reactions of primary pollutants such as SO2, NOx, and Ammonia
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Lead (Pb)
Toxic metal that can be found in air, water, soil and dust
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Sources of lead
Industrial processes, lead gasoline, volcanic activities, weathering
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Mercury (Hg)
Toxic heavy metal that can exist in various forms
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Sources of Mercury
Industrial process, mining, volcanic activities, weathering
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Units of measurements for air pollutants
Parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³), milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)
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Parts per million (ppm)
Commonly used for measuring carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone
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Parts per billion (ppb)
Commonly used for measuring lower concentrations of gases such as VOCs and other traces of gas
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Micrograms per Cubic Meter (µg/m³)
Use for measuring PM10 and PM2.5 and gaseous pollutant such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
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Milligrams per Cubic Meter (mg/m³)
Unit of measurement for higher concentration of gaseous pollutants
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Ambient Air Quality and Standards
The quality of air in the outdoor environment crucial for public health and environment protection
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Ambient Air Quality and Standards
These standards are the guidelines for protecting human health by maintaining the quality of air at the safe measures
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Air Quality Index (AQI)
Used to relay information about the air quality to the general public
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Air Quality Index (AQI)
a visual of how and safe the ambient air quality outside for the general public
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DENR - EMB
responsible for monitoring the ambient air quality of the country. It has stations scattered which measures the concentration of pollutants in compliance with the safety standards
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Programs and initiatives
Emission reduction programs, public awareness campaign, regulatory measures
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Emission Reduction Programs (Challenge)
Strengthening Regulations
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Public Awareness Campaign (Challenge)
Expansion of monitoring networks
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Regulatory Measures (challenge)
Promotion of sustainable practices
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Water pollution
contamination of water bodies (lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater and aquifer) by substances from activities
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Water pollution
can put adverse effects on the human health and ecosystem which can direct or indirectly affect econom
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Types of water pollution
Chemical, physical, biological, nutrient pollution
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Chemical pollution
Industrial wastes, heavy metals, pesticides and herbicides
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Physical pollution
Plastic wastes, sediments, thermal pollution (heat)
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Biological pollution
Invasive species (flora and fauna), pathogens, algal blooms
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Nutrient pollution
Nitrogen, phosphorus, fertilizer
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Sources of water pollution
Industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, mining activities
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Industrial wastes
are often discharge from factories and other manufacturing sectors.
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Agricultural runoff
Fertilizer, pesticides, animal wastes
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Sewage and wastewater
from untreated domestic waters discharged in waterbodies
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Oil spills
Accidents involving oil tankers and drilling operations can lead to ____
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Mining activities and operations
pose great risks in bodies of water which can be irreversible.
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DAO 2016-08
Guidelines for establishing the standards on water quality management of all forms of waterbodies in the Philippines pursuant to section 19e and 19f of RA 9275
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Objective of DAO 2016-08
provide guidelines for the classification of waterbodies in the country, determine time trends and evaluation of stages of deterioration/enhancement in water quality
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Water sampling techniques
Systematic, random, judgemental, stratified, haphazard.
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Systematic sampling
Points are selected at even intervals (statistically unbiased).
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Systematic sampling
This sampling technique is easy to implement, however, it may require more samples compared to other methods
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Random sampling
points where randomly assigned but not arbitrarily.
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Random sampling
randomization of establishing points ensures that any part of the location can be selected as a sampling points.
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Judgmental sampling
Sampling points are identified on the basis of the water sample collector. The quality water samples is dependent on the prior knowledge of the collector in the area.
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Stratified sampling
sampling area is divided according to its geographical features, nature of contamination and other spatial factors. Each sub-area can be treated as an individual sampling site for different samples
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Haphazard sampling
where sampling points are chosen arbitrarily, this sampling method tends to be biased to the results.
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Water sampling techniques
Often used for preliminary screening to identify the pollutants before conducting full scale sampling
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Grab sample, composite sampling
Types of samples
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Grab sample
collected at a specific location and time. For example, watershed varies in area and geographic features, therefore, the quality of water in different parts of its streams varies depending on the activities happening on it
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Composite sampling
Composite samples is the mixture of mixed grab samples
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Land pollution
The degradation of earth's land surfaces often caused by human activities and their misuse of land resources.
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Soil pollution
buildup of toxic chemical compounds, salts, pathogens (disease causing organisms), or radioactive materials that can affect plant and animal life
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Types of land pollution
Deposition of solid waste
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Types of land pollution
Accumulation of non-biodegradable materials
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Types of land pollution
Modification of chemicals into poisons
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Types of land pollution
Alteration of soil chemical composition (imbalance of chemical equilibrium to soil medium)
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Sources of land pollution
Agriculture, mining and quarrying, sewage sludge, household, demolitions and constructions, industries
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Impacts of land pollution
destruction of productive farmland
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Impacts of land pollution
environmental activism
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Impacts of land pollution
government and political action
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Impacts of land pollution
traditional lands of indigenous peoples
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Impacts of land pollution
viral disease in economic crops
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Impacts of land pollution
amoebic diseases
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Impacts of land pollution
Food poisoning
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Impacts of land pollution
Tetanus
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Impacts of land pollution
Biodiversity loss
106
Land pollution prevention
anti-litter campaigns can educate people against littering
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Land pollution prevention
organic waste can be dumped in places far from residential areas
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Land pollution prevention
inorganic materials such as metals, glass and plastic, but also paper, can be reclaimed and recycled
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Noise pollution
Irritating noise from environment
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Noise pollution
irritating, distracting, or physically dangerous noise to which people are exposed in their environment and over which they usually have no control
111
Domestic, commercial noise, and noise in streets
Types of noise pollution
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Domestic noise
this includes loud music, barking dogs, burglar alarms and late-night parties
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Commercial noise
this includes factory noise, fan noise, chiller noise, delivery noise, construction site noise and music from pubs and clubs.
114
Noise in streets
this includes car alarms, ice cream chimes, machinery operating in the road and the use of loudspeakers - but excludes traffic
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Impacts of noise pollution
It decreases the efficiency of a man: - A study by Sinha & Sinha in India suggested that reducing industrial booths could improve the quality of their work. Thus, human efficiency is related with noise.
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Impacts of noise pollution
Lack of concentration: - For better quality of work there should be concentration
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Impacts of noise pollution
Noise causes lack of concentration. In big cities, mostly all the offices are on main road.
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Impacts of noise pollution
Fatigue: - Because of Noise Pollution, people cannot concentrate on their work. Thus, they have to give their more time for completing the work and they feel tiring
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Impacts of noise pollution
Abortion is caused: - There should be cool and calm atmosphere during the pregnancy. Unpleasant sounds make a lady of irriative nature. Sudden Noise causes abortion in females
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Impacts of noise pollution
It causes Blood Pressure: - Noise Pollution causes certain diseases in humans. It attacks on the person’s peace of mind.
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Impacts of noise pollution
Temporary or permanent Deafness: The effect of noise on audition is well recognized
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Impacts of noise pollution
EFFECT ON VEGETATION: poor quality of crops
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Impacts of noise pollution
EFFECT ON ANIMAL: -Noise pollution damages the nervous system of animals. Animal loses control of its mind. They become dangerous
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Impacts of noise pollution
EFFECT ON PROPERTY: - Loud noise is very dangerous to buildings, bridges and monuments. It creates waves which struck the walls and put the building in danger condition.
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Noise pollution prevention
The technique or the combination of techniques to be employed for noise control depend upon the extent of the noise reduction required, nature of the equipment used and the economy aspects of the available techniques.
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Noise pollution
Reduction in the noise exposure time or isolation of species from the sources form part of the noise control techniques besides providing personal ear protection, engineered control for noise reduction at source and/or diversion in the trajectory of sound waves.
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Thermal pollution
It is a harmful increase in water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters.
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Thermal pollution
caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees and vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters
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Thermal pollution
A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish, shellfish, and plants, or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects
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Impact of thermal pollution
All plant and animal species that live in water are adapted to temperatures within a certain range.
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Impact of thermal pollution
When water in an area warms more than they can tolerate, species that cannot move, such as rooted plants and shellfish, will die
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Impact of thermal pollution
Species that can move, such as fish, will leave the area in search of cooler conditions, and they will die if they cannot find them.
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Impact of thermal pollution
Typically, other species, often less desirable, will move into the area to fill the vacancy.
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Preventing thermal pollution
Thermal pollution from power plants and factories is relatively easy to control
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Preventing thermal pollution
Instead of discharging heated water into lakes and streams, power plants and factories can pass the heated water through cooling towers or cooling ponds, where evaporation cools the water before it is discharged.
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Preventing thermal pollution
Alternatively, power plants can be designed or refitted to be more efficient and to produce less waste heat in the first place.
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Preventing thermal pollution
In a process called cogeneration, the excess heat energy from generating electricity can be used in another manufacturing process that needs such energy.
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Sources of thermal pollution
The major sources of thermal pollution are electric power plants and industrial factories
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Sources of thermal pollution
In most electric power plants, heat is produced when coal, oil, or natural gas is burned, or nuclear fuels undergo fission to release huge amounts of energy
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Sources of thermal pollution
Streams and small lakes are naturally kept cool by trees and other tall plants that block sunlight. People often remove this shading vegetation in order to harvest the wood in the trees, to make room for crops, or to construct buildings, roads, and other structures
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Sources of thermal pollution
the removal of vegetation far away from a stream or lake can contribute to thermal pollution by speeding up the erosion of soil into the water, making it muddy.
142
Sources of thermal pollution
Muddy water absorbs more energy from the sun than clear water does, resulting in further heating.
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Sources of thermal pollution
Finally, water running off of artificial surfaces, such as streets, parking lots, and roofs, is warmer than water running off from vegetated land and, thus, contributes to thermal pollution
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Aesthetic pollution
It is the term given to unattractive or unnatural (human-made) visual elements of a vista, a landscape, or any other thing that a person might want to look at
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Aesthetic pollution
Spoiling the visual beauty.
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Aesthetic pollution
A pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste
147
Sources of aesthetic pollution
It’s hard to define what causes Aesthetic Pollution because beauty is in the eyes of the spectator/ observer
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1987
Montreal protocol
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1989
Basel convention
150
1972; 1996
London convention and protocol
151
1973/78
International convention for the prevention of pollution from ships (MARPOL)
152
1998
Rotterdam convention
153
2001
Stockholm convention
154
Montreal protocol
A global agreement to protect the stratospheric ozone layer by completely phasing out the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS)
155
ODS
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride and methyl chloroform
156
Ozone depleting substance
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Commonly found in aerosols, solvents, and refrigerants
157
Halons
present in fire extinguishers
158
Ozone depleting substance
Methyl bromide - used for pesticides and other agricultural
159
Ozone depleting substance
Carbon Tetrachloride – widely used cleaning fluid for home and industry during 1970s
160
Ozone depleting substance
Methyl chloroform – used for degreasing and spot cleaner in industry
161
Philippine Clean Air Act (RA 8749)
was enacted to provide guidelines in regulating ODS and other air pollutants in the country
162
Philippine Ozone Desk (POD) – 1994
established to facilitate the phasing out ODS to comply with the Montreal Protocol
163
93
_____ ODS projects funded by the protocol was conducted in the country which contributed to phasing out of 3,330 tons of ODS in the country
164
Compliance to Montreal protocol
“The Philippines has so far been successful in complying with the agreement having phased out all ODS, except for hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), in 2010 - DENR Undersecretary for Legal Services and Attached Agencies Analiza Rebuelta Teh
165
1989
Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal was an adopted in ___ to control the international trade of hazardous wastes and other related wastes.
166
RA 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990
was implemented a year after in the countr
167
1975
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter was in force since __
168
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
with the objective to promote effective control of all marine pollution source.
169
1996
London Protocol was agreed to update and modernize its content
170
enactment of RA 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act
was established to monitor the water quality including measures to mitigate marine pollution
171
PD 979 or the Marine Pollution Decree
enacted to prevent and control marine pollution from ships and other sources
172
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
Also known as MARPOL
173
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
aim of this convention is to prevent pollution from ships caused by operational and accidental causes.
174
MARPOL
focuses on the prevention of pollution from oil, noxious substances, harmful substances carried by sea in package, sewage from ship, solid wastes from ship, air pollution from ship
175
RA 9275, PD 979, RA 993 or Philippine Coast Guard Law, and RA 9295 or Merchant Shipping Act
MARPOL implementation in PH
176
RA 9993 or Philippine Coast Guard Law
enacted to strengthen the capability of Philippine Coast Guard in marine environmental protection and enforcement in protecting the environment.
177
Ra 9295 or the Merchant Shipping
with the goal of regulating shipping industry to ensure that compliance with MARPOL and other related law
178
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
aims to promote responsible and cooperative efforts on countries in hazardous chemical trade.
179
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
provides guidelines for exchange of information on the risks and impacts of chemicals before importing them
180
RA 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act
became the legal guidelines in controlling, manufacturing, processing, handling and transportation of toxic and hazardous waste in the country
181
DENR
monitors the regulation of chemicals with significant risks to human and environmental health, on the other hand, Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority under the Department of Agriculture monitors the chemicals in agricultural sector
182
Bureau of Customs
part of the implementation as they monitor the import and export of hazardous chemicals in the country
183
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
a global treaty to protect human and environmental health from chemicals that remains contaminating the environment for long period
184
POPs
toxic chemicals that can be transported by wind and water which can affect the health of living organisms far from where it was released
185
Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin
a broad-spectrum pesticides on corn and cotton industry.
186
Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin
High exposure substances will with result this to headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting or even death.
187
Chlordane
pesticide that is widely used in non-food agricultural crops and buildings. It is commonly used against termites and other destructive insects
188
Chlordane
Exposure to this will result in headache, dizziness, confusion and seizures
189
Heptachlor
also a broad spectrum pesticide with carcinogenic agent on both humans and animals
190
Hexachlorobenzen
a chemical used for the seeds of onion, sorghum, wheat and other grains against fungi
191
Hexachlorobenzen
Long term exposure to this will result in developing cancer, it has been banned in the US since 1965
192
Mirex
also a pesticide and insecticide compound which is also used as flame retardant for plastics, rubbers, paint and electrical goods
193
Mirex
High levels of it can harm kidney, liver, eyes, thyroid reproductive system and nervous system.
194
RA 6969 or the Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act
became the legal guidelines in controlling, manufacturing, processing, handling and transportation of toxic and hazardous waste in the country.
195
DENR
monitors the regulation of chemicals with significant risks to human and environmental health, on the other hand, Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority under the Department of Agriculture monitors the chemicals in agricultural sector
196
Bureau of Customs
part of the implementation as they monitor the import and export of hazardous chemicals in the country
197
Air pollution, plastic pollution, marine pollutions
Pollution problems in the Philippines
198
vehicular emission
80% of air pollution in the country is caused by _____particularly in cities
199
stationary sources
the remaining 20% comes from ____ like factories and other industry emissions.
200
Meycauayan City
The most air polluted city in the country is the ____ recording 100US AQ
201
In 2019
Philippines is the largest share of global plastic waste disposed in the ocean accounting to 36.38% of the global oceanic plastic waste
202
Plastic pollution
_____ problem in the country is rooted to the lifestyle of Filipinos such as buying goods in a single use plastic labo or containers as well as bottles which can be easily discarded after using, this wastes eventually end up in waterbodies
203
In 2023
MT Princess Empress sank off Naujan Town releasing 800,000 liters of industrial fuel oil causing a massive oil spill damaging the marine life and the livelihood of communities in Mindoro and nearby provinces
