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FINALS REVIEWER > ENVI HEALTH > Flashcards

ENVI HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

Several membrane barriers

A

If the chemical has not been injected intravenously, it will cross ____

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2
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

all membranes are consist ___

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3
Q

Hydrophilic (polar) ; hydrophobic (nonpolar)

A

Phospholipid bilayer has ____ outer boundary and _____ interior

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4
Q

rigid

A

polar portions of the phospholipid molecules maintain a relatively ___ outer structure

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5
Q

Fluidity

A

nonpolar interiors are arranged in a formation that gives ____ of the membrane structure.

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6
Q

Proteins

A

____ that are embedded throughout the phospholipid bilayer have specific functions in the crossing of a chemical.

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7
Q

Passive and facilitated diffusion, and active transport

A

Chemicals can cross membranes by three principal mechanisms which are ___

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8
Q

Passive transfer

A

does not involve the participation of any membrane proteins

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9
Q

factors that determine the rate of passive diffusion

A

The difference between the concentrations of the chemical on the two outer sides of the membrane.

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10
Q

factors that determine the rate of passive diffusion

A

The ease with which a molecule of the chemical can move through the lipophilic interior of the membrane

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11
Q

Lipid solubility, molecular size, degree of ionization

A

Three major factors affect ease of passage

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12
Q

Lipid solubility

A

expressed by its partition coefficient

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13
Q

Partition coefficient

A

concentration of the chemical in an organic phase divided by its concentration in water at equilibrium between the two phases.

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14
Q

Chloroform, hexane or heptane, or ocatanol

A

The organic phase is often ____

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15
Q

Partition coefficient

A

determined by shaking the chemical with water and the organic solvent and measuring the concentration of the chemical in each phase at equilibrium.

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16
Q

decreases

A

As the size of the molecule increases, with lipophilicity remaining approximately constant, rate of movement across the membrane _____

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17
Q

Fictional resistance

A

The transfer of larger molecules is slowed

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18
Q

Very small molecules

A

may move across the membrane more rapidly than would be predicted based on their partition coefficients alone.

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19
Q

Small molecules

A

likely to be more degree of ionization water-soluble than their larger homologs.

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20
Q

Small molecules

A

may be also able to move through membrane pores.

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21
Q

pores

A

features of all membranes.

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22
Q

4x10-4 µm

A

Cell membranes will not allow passage of water-soluble molecules larger than about ___ in diameter

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23
Q

30x10-4 µm

A

Blood capillary walls allow passage of water-soluble molecules up to about ___ in diameter

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24
Q

electrolytes

A

are ionized at the pH values of body fluids.

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25
Q

large

A

The ionized electrolytes are generally too ____ to pass through aqueous membrane pores

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26
Q

nonionized forms

A

Only the ____ of most electrolytes can cross membranes, except for some very small, ionized molecules.

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27
Q

Ionized electrolytes

A

very hydrophilic that they cannot be transferred by passive diffusion.

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28
Q

Acids and Bases

A

are ionizable, and they have a pH value related to the dissociation constant.

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29
Q

degree of ionization

A

______ in body fluids depends on the pH of the medium and on the pH acid or base.

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30
Q

strong acids

A

Acids having a large pKa or higher pH (weak acids) are not as fully ionized as ______ .

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31
Q

weak bases

A

Bases having a large pKa or higher pH (strong bases) are more fully ionized than _____

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32
Q

Weak acids and bases

A

largely nonionized at the intestinal surface pH of 5.3, were readily absorbed by the membrane

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33
Q

Not readily absorbed

A

Strong acids (pKa < 3), and ___ strong bases (pKa > 7)

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34
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

requires the participation of a carrier protein molecule.

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35
Q

Carrier proteins

A

embedded in the membrane lipid bilayer.

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36
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

can also be inhibited selectively or competitively by chemical agents that binds on the carrier protein because of the similarity on their chemical structures.

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37
Q

Relatively faster

A

The rate of the facilitated diffusion is ____ than of passive diffusion

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38
Q

Selectively bind

A

For the facilitated diffusion to work, the diffusing molecule must be able to ___ to the carrier protein which requires very specific structure or conformation.

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39
Q

Facilitated mechanism

A

responsible for the transport of essential nutrients across membrane barriers.

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40
Q

Example of facilitated mechanism

A

transport of sugars and amino acids into red blood cells and into the central nervous system

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41
Q

Active transport

A

process by which molecules can cross cell membranes.

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42
Q

Active transport

A

requires a carrier molecule and a controlled energy input.

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43
Q

Active transport

A

The mechanism maintains transport between concentration difference of the outer and inner cell membranes.

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44
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

source of the energy required to maintain this concentration difference.

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45
Q

Active transport

A

vital to the conservation and regulation of essential nutrient in a body.

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46
Q

Excretion

A

important functions of the kidney and the liver which include the ____ of toxic chemicals and transforming the chemical into their metabolites.

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47
Q

Kidney, liver, placenta, intestinal wall

A

Different sites for active transport

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48
Q

kidney

A

processing water-soluble toxicants and secretion into urine

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49
Q

Liver

A

processing the fat-soluble toxicants and elimination into the bile

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50
Q

Human body

A

can be exposed to a variety of toxicants

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51
Q

air, soil, water, or food

A

Environmental media

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52
Q

Toxicological response

A

just simply being exposed to these hazardous chemicals does not necessarily translate into a ____

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53
Q

Defense mechanisms and membrane proteins

A

The mammalian body has several inherent ____ and ____ which tend to prevent the entry or absorption and distribution of these toxicants once an exposure event has occurred

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54
Q

Toxicant and body ’s barriers and defense mechanisms

A

interactions between the ___and the _____ will have an effect on toxicant movement in the body, and ultimately modulate the rate and extent of toxicant absorption and distribution to the target tissue.

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55
Q

skin

A

the largest organ in the human body, and one of its primary functions as a physical barrier to absorption of toxicants.

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56
Q

Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract (GIT)

A

The other major routes of toxicant entry into the body are through the ____ and ____ which can be seen to offer less resistance to toxicant absorption than the skin.

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57
Q

respiratory

A

Offers the most rapid route

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58
Q

Dermal

A

Least rapid

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59
Q

Membrane thickness

A

Difference in rapid entry is due to ___

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60
Q

Amount and saturability

A

overall entry depends on both the ___ present and the ___ of the transport process involved

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61
Q

Bulk transfer (bloodstream), and diffusional transfer (molecule by molecule over short distance)

A

Once the toxicant has been absorbed, the toxicant molecules can move around the body in two ways

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62
Q

diffusional characteristics

A

what distinguishes one toxicant pharmacokinetically from another is its ____

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63
Q

Diffusional characteristics

A

its ability to cross nonaqueous diffusional barriers (e.g., cell membranes) from an aqueous compartment.

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64
Q

phospholipids

A

Cell membrane consists primarily of ___

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65
Q

Fluid like

A

Phospholipids in the membrane are ___ they can move easily

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66
Q

Semi-permeable membrane

A

Will allow passage through the membrane but need to control what gets in or out

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67
Q

Semi-permeable

A

Membrane is ____

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68
Q

Small lipids

A

can slip directly through the phospholipid cell membrane.

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69
Q

diffusion

A

Passive transport of small molecules-high to low concentration

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70
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport of larger molecules

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71
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Through a protein channel

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72
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

High to low concentration gradient

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73
Q

Active transport

A

Diffusion against the concentration gradient

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74
Q

Active transport

A

Low to high

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75
Q

Active transport

A

Uses a protein channel (pump)

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76
Q

Active transport

A

Requires ATP energy

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77
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement from high to low concentration

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78
Q

concentration gradient

A

Each substance diffuses down its own ____, independent of concentration gradients of other substances

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79
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

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80
Q

HIGH to LOW

A

Water goes from _____ concentration

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81
Q

Passive transport

A

osmosis

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82
Q

osmosis

A

No energy needed (does not require ATP)

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83
Q

High to low

A

Simple diffusion – which way will lipid move?

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84
Q

High to low

A

Facilitated diffusion – which way will sugar move?

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85
Q

Semi-permeable

A

Membrane needs to be ___s

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86
Q

Specific channels

A

Allow specific material in and out

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87
Q

Active transport

A

Needs atp

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88
Q

pump

A

Membrane proteins act as a ____ for specific molecules

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89
Q

Active transport

A

Cells may need molecules to move against concentration situation protein pump

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90
Q

Vesicles and vacuoles

A

Moving large molecules into & out of cell

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91
Q

endocytosis

A

Moving into cells

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92
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating

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93
Q

pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking

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94
Q

Exocytosis

A

Moving out

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95
Q

Membrane

A

collage of different proteins embedded in the fluid matrix of the lipid bilayer

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96
Q

Isotonic solution

A

When the concentration of water is the same inside and outside cell

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97
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

When there is a higher concentration of water outside cell, so water moves into cell

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98
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

when there is a higher concentration of water inside cell, so water moves out of cell

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99
Q

Balanced condition

A

No difference between cell and environment

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100
Q

Isotonic solution

A

Balanced conditions

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101
Q

Blood

A

Example of balance conditions

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102
Q

Balanced conditions

A

water flows across membrane equally,

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103
Q

Balanced conditions

A

volume of cell doesn’t change

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104
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

A cell in freshwater

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105
Q

paramecium

A

Example of hypotonic solution

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106
Q

Gains water, wells and can burst

A

Problem of hypotonic solution

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107
Q

Contractile vacuole – pumps water out of cells

A

Solution of hypotonic solution

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108
Q

A cell in saltwater

A

Example shellfish

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109
Q

Saltwater (hypertonic solution)

A

Lose water

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110
Q

Problem in hypertonic solution (saltwater)

A

Plasmolysis in plants

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111
Q

Problem in hypertonic solution (saltwater)

A

Shrinking cells

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112
Q

Solution in hypertonic solution (saltwater)

A

Take up water

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113
Q

Passive transport

A

Also called simple diffusion

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114
Q

Passive transport

A

movement from High to low concentration. No energy is used

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115
Q

Active transport

A

movement from low to high

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116
Q

Active transport

A

Needs energy

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117
Q

Active transport

A

Opposite of simple diffusion

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118
Q

Active transport

A

Cells may need molecules to move against concentration difference

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119
Q

Active transport

A

need to pump “uphill”

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120
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking-engulfing small particles.

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121
Q

phagocytosis

A

Cell engulfing- ex Lysosomes fuse with a bacteria for digestion

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122
Q

Cyclosis

A

Movement of the cytoplasm

123
Q

Membrane carbohydrates

A

Play a key role in cell-cell recognition

124
Q

Cell – cell recognition

A

ability of a cell to distinguish neighboring cells from another

125
Q

Cell – cell recognition

A

important in organ & tissue development

126
Q

Risk assessment

A

probability that a health effect will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified amount of a hazard

127
Q

Risk assessment

A

process of gathering all available information on the toxic effects of a chemical and evaluating it to determine the possible risks associated with exposure

128
Q
  1. Hazard evaluation or Dose-Response Assessment
A

process of gathering and evaluating the information can be divided into:

129
Q

Hazard identification

A

first step in risk assessment consists in collecting data from different sources to determine whether a substance is toxic.

130
Q

Hazard identification

A

involves gathering and examining data from toxicological and epidemiological studies

131
Q

o What is its size?

A

Information collected and considered when performing a risk assessment are:

132
Q

· Other factors to consider when determining potential exposures to toxic substances include diet, lifestyle choices, and occupation.

A

Information collected and considered when performing a risk assessment are:

133
Q

Hazard evaluation

A

If the hazard identification process produces evidence of a hazard, then a ___ is performed

134
Q

Hazard Evaluation and Dose response assessment

A

The purpose of this step is to calculate, if possible, the dose at which a harmful effect will occur.

135
Q

Exposure assessment

A

performed to identify the affected population and, if possible, calculate the amount, frequency, length of time, and route of exposure.

136
Q

General information for each chemical, sources, exposure pathways and environmental fate, measured or estimated concentrations, Exposed human populations, integrated exposure analysis

A

Factors to consider when performing an exposure assessment include:

137
Q

General information for each chemical

A

Identification of molecular formula and structure (how the chemical looks and is made) and other identifying characteristics

138
Q

General information for each chemical

A

Chemical and physical properties

139
Q

sources

A

Characterization of production and distribution, uses, disposal, summary of environmental releases

140
Q

exposure pathways and environmental fate

A

Transport and transformation, Identification of principal pathways of exposure, Predicting environmental distribution

141
Q

Measured or estimated concentrations

A

Uses of measurements and estimation of environmental concentrations

142
Q

Exposed human populations

A

Size and characteristics, Location, Habits

143
Q

Integrated exposure analysis

A

Calculation of exposure includes identification of the exposed population and identification of pathways of exposure

144
Q

Risk characterization

A

last and final step in the risk assessment process is putting all of the information gathered from the other steps together to determine the actual risk of exposure to a specific toxic substance.

145
Q

Risk characterization

A

This step relies on the expertise of the assessor in analyzing the information.

146
Q

Risk management

A

Based on information obtained from the risk assessment, decisions are made about the best way to address environmental contamination and exposure.

147
Q

Risk manager

A

also includes an evaluation of social, legal, economic, and policy issues to determine the best approach to address an exposure issue.

148
Q

Irritation or exacerbation

A

state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage

149
Q

Irritant

A

A stimulus or agent which induces the state of irritation is an _____

150
Q

Irritants

A

typically thought of as chemical agents (for example phenol and capsaicin)

151
Q

Irritants

A

mechanical, thermal (heat), and radiative stimuli (for example ultraviolet light or ionising radiations) can also be ___

152
Q

allergic response

A

In higher organisms, an ___ may be the cause of irritation

153
Q

Allergen

A

defined distinctly from an irritant.

154
Q

Allergy

A

requires a specific interaction with the immune system and is thus dependent on the (possibly unique) sensitivity of the organism involved.

155
Q

Irritant

A

acts in a non-specific manner.

156
Q

Pine processionary caterpillar, Thaumetopoea pityocampa

A

a serious pest causing dermatitis epidemics and eye problems

157
Q

Urticating hairs of caterpillars of the gypsy moth

A

cause dermatitis and hives

158
Q

Blister beetles (Epicauta spp.)

A

secrete a substance that causes blistering on contact with human skin

159
Q

Eye irritation

A

Emission of various particulate and volatile substances has been suggested as specific causes.

160
Q

Sick Building Syndrome

A

irritation to the eyes, skin, and upper airways, headache and fatigue is related to ____

161
Q

eye

A

source of chronic irritation

162
Q

Sjögren’s syndrome

A

Disorders like ____ one does not make tears, can cause a dry eye sensation which feels very unpleasant

163
Q

Sjögren’s syndrome

A

difficult to treat and is lifelong

164
Q

Artificial tears and drug called Restasis

A

What can help Sjogren’s syndrome?

165
Q

Blepharitis

A

dryness and itching on the upper eyelids

166
Q

Blepharitis

A

often seen in young people and can lead to reddish dry eye and scaly eyebrows

167
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

Individuals who smoke or are exposed to smog or other airborne pollutants can develop a condition known as ____

168
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

there is constant irritation of the breathing tubes (trachea) and the small airways

169
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

The constant irritation results in excess production of mucus which makes breathing difficult.

170
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

Frequently, these individuals wake up in the morning with copious amounts of foul smelling mucus and a cough which lasts all day.

171
Q

Wheeze and heavy phlegm

A

Common findings in chronic bronchitis

172
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

a lifelong disorder and there is no cure

173
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

Eventually most people develop recurrent pneumonia, lack any type of endurance, and are unable to work productively

174
Q

stop smoking

A

One of the ways to avoid chronic bronchitis is to ____

175
Q

Eczema

A

simply means a dry skin which is itchy.

176
Q

Eczema

A

condition usually starts at an early age and continues throughout life.

177
Q

itchy dry skin.

A

major complaint of people who suffer from eczema is an ___

178
Q

Skin rash

A

Sometimes, the itching will be associated with a ___

179
Q

Eczema

A

affected areas are always dry, scaly, reddish and may ooze sometimes.

180
Q

Eczema

A

cannot be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled

181
Q

allergies

A

There are also many individuals who have ____ to a whole host of substances like nuts, hair, dander, plants and fabrics

182
Q

Poisonous plants

A

can be found in woodlands and areas of dense vegetation, and can cause severe itching and irritation on the skin.

183
Q

Poison sumac, poison ivy, poison oak

A

The most common poisonous plants

184
Q

Poisonous plant (Poison sumac, poison ivy, poison oak)

A

can effect the skin upon contact, releasing chemicals onto the skin that burn and irritate it.

185
Q

acne

A

an inflammatory skin irritation that produces pustules, papules, cysts, whiteheads and blackheads on the skin.

186
Q

over-scrubbing

A

Accompanying these inflammations are areas of redness and peeling that occurs from ____ of the skin.

187
Q

Gastritis

A

basically inflammation of the stomach wall lining and has many causes.

188
Q

Gastritis

A

Smoking, excess alcohol consumption and use of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs account for the majority of causes of ____.

189
Q

Gastritis

A

In some cases, ____ may develop after surgery, a major burn, infection or emotional stress radiate

190
Q

sharp abdominal pain which may radiate to the back

A

Symptoms of gastritis

191
Q

may be associated with nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating and a lack of appetite

A

Symptoms of gastritis

192
Q

result in loss of blood on the stools.

A

Severe gastritis

193
Q

antacids or acid neutralizing drugs, antibiotics, avoiding spicy food and alcohol.

A

Treatment for gastritis

194
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins that serve as biological catalysts for reactions in all living organisms

195
Q

Enzymes

A

increase the rate of a reaction (106 to 1012 times faster), but are unchanged themselves.

196
Q

Enzymes

A

very specific – catalyzes a certain reaction or type of reaction only.

197
Q

“ase”

A

The names of most enzymes end with the suffix ____

198
Q

Peptidase, lipase, hydrolase

A

Example of enzymes

199
Q

Cofactor

A

metal ion or an organic molecule needed for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction to occur

200
Q

NAD+

A

the cofactor (coenzyme) that oxidizes lactate to pyruvate with the aid of the enzymelactate dehydrogenase:

201
Q

enzyme

A

contains an active site that binds the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

202
Q

catalyst

A

Once the reaction has occurred, the ___ released the product(s).

203
Q

Lock and key model; induced-fit model

A

Two models have been proposed to explain the specificity of a substrate for an enzyme’s active site.

204
Q

Lock and key model

A

states that the active site is a rigid cavity; to react, the substrate must exactly match the shape of the active site.

205
Q

Induced-fit model

A

states that the active site has a flexible shape, which can adjust to fit a variety of substrate shapes.

206
Q

inhibitor

A

bonds to the enzyme and alters or destroys the enzyme’s activity.

207
Q

reversible or irreversible

A

inhibition can be_____

208
Q

noncompetitive inhibitor

A

bonds to the enzyme, but not to the active site

209
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

has a shape and structure similar to the substrate, so it competes with the substrate for binding to the active site

210
Q

Zymogens (proenzymes)

A

an inactive form of an enzyme that can be converted to the active form when needed.

211
Q

higher amounts

A

Certain enzymes are present in ___ in particular cells.

212
Q

Heart attack

A

Creatine phosphokinase

213
Q

Liver or bone disease

A

Alkaline phosphatase

214
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Acid phosphatase

215
Q

Penicillin

A

inhibits the enzyme that forms cell walls of bacteria, destroying the bacterium

216
Q

ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)

A

causes blood vessels to narrow, increasing blood pressure

217
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

given to those with high blood pressure to prevent ACE’s synthesis from it’s zymogen.

218
Q

HIV protease

A

an essential enzyme that allows the virus to make copies of itself.

219
Q

HIV protease inhibitors

A

interfere with this copying, decreasing the virus population in the patient.

220
Q

Lipid peroxidation

A

a metabolic process that causes oxidative deterioration of lipids by reactive oxygen species.

221
Q

Lipid peroxidation

A

This process can degrade the lipids within the cell membrane leading to cell damage and eventually, cell death.

222
Q

Lipids

A

heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis of common solubility properties

223
Q

Lipids

A

insoluble in water, but soluble in aprotic organic solvents including diethyl ether, chloroform, methylene chloride, and acetone

224
Q

Lipids

A

Amphiphatic in nature

225
Q

Open chain forms, cyclic forms

A

Lipids include:

226
Q

Open chain forms

A

• fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sphingolipids, phosphoacylglycerols, glycolipids

227
Q

cyclic forms

A

cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids

228
Q

Fatty acids

A

unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of 12 - 20 carbons

229
Q

Fatty acids

A

derived from hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or phosphodiacylglycerols of biological membranes

230
Q

Length

A

____ of fatty acid plays a role in its chemical character

231
Q

unsaturated

A

Fatty acids that contain C=C are ____

232
Q

saturated

A

If fatty acids contain only C-C bonds, they are ____

233
Q

Cis isomer

A

In most unsaturated fatty acids, the ____ predominates; the trans isomer is rare

234
Q

Trans

A

In most unsaturated fatty acids, the ____ is rare

235
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

have lower melting points than their saturated counterparts

236
Q

Unsaturation

A

the greater the degree of ___, the lower the melting point

237
Q

Triacylglycerol (triglyceride):

A

ester of glycerol with three fatty acids

238
Q

Natural soaps

A

are prepared by boiling triglycerides (animal fats or vegetable oils) with NaOH, in a reaction called saponification (Latin, sapo, soap)

239
Q

phosphatidic acid

A

When one alcohol group of glycerol is esterified by a phosphoric acid rather than by a carboxylic acid, ___ if produced

240
Q

Phosphoacylglycerols (phosphoglycerides)

A

second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids, and they are found in plant and animal membranes

241
Q

waxes

A

complex mixture of esters of long-chain carboxylic acids and alcohols

242
Q

waxes

A

Found as protective coatings for plants and animals

243
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Contain sphingosine, a long-chain amino alcohol sphingosine

244
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Found in plants and animals

245
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Abundant in nervous system

246
Q

Sphingolipids

A

Bares structural similarity to phospholipids

247
Q

Glycolipid

A

a compound in which a carbohydrate is bound to an -OH of the lipid

248
Q

Glucose or galactose

A

In most cases, sugar is either _____

249
Q

Ceramides

A

many glycolipids are derived from ____

250
Q

gangliosides

A

Glycolipids with complex carbohydrate moiety that contains more than 3 sugars are known as ____

251
Q

Steroids

A

group of lipids that have fused-ring structure of 3 six-membered rings, and 1 five-membered ring.

252
Q

Androgens

A

male sex hormones

253
Q

Androgens

A

synthesized in the testes

254
Q

Androgens

A

responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics

255
Q

Androgens

A

Testosterone

256
Q

Estrogens

A

female sex hormones

257
Q

Estrogens

A

synthesized in the ovaries

258
Q

Estrogens

A

responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics and control of the menstrual cycle

259
Q

Cholesterol

A

The steroid of most interest in our discussion of biological membranes is ____

260
Q

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

A

Every cell has a ____

261
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

have membrane-enclosed organelles

262
Q

Lipid components

A

Molecular basis of membrane structure is in ___

263
Q

Polar head

A

_____ groups are in contact with the aqueous environment

264
Q

nonpolar tails

A

____ are buried within bilayer

265
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

the major force driving the formation of lipid bilayers is _____

266
Q

Rigid; fluid

A

the arrangement of hydrocarbon tails in the interior can be ___ (if rich in saturated fatty acids) or ____ (if rich in unsaturated fatty acids)

267
Q

charged groups

A

The polar surface of the bilayer contains ____

268
Q

hydrophobic tails

A

lie in the interior of the bilayer

269
Q

highly reactive free radical species

A

Causes of lipid peroxidation

270
Q

Free radical chain reactions

A

occurs during lipid peroxidation as once a free radical is produced, it can react with another stable species to produce another free radical.

271
Q

products of lipid peroxidation

A

useful indicators of oxidative stress in tissues and have been linked to the progression of cancer.

272
Q

Glucose, vegetable oils, iron, pollution, chemicals, low oxidants

A

Top oxidizers

273
Q

Lipid peroxidation

A

refers to the oxidative degradation of lipids.

274
Q

Lipid peroxidation

A

process whereby free radicals “steal” electrons from the lipids in cell membranes, resulting in cell damage.

275
Q

free radical chain reaction

A

This process proceeds by a ____ mechanism. It most often affects polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA).

276
Q

Mutagenic and carcinogenic

A

end products of lipid peroxidation may be ____ and ___

277
Q

hydroperoxides (LOOH), aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)

A

Products of lipid peroxidation

278
Q

LOOH

A

primary products of lipid peroxidation produced in the propagation step.

279
Q

LOOH

A

After formation, ____ can be reduced leading to inhibition of peroxidative damage or peroxidative damage induction.

280
Q

malondialdehyde (MDA)

A

most mutagenic product of lipid peroxidation and is commonly used as a biomarker for oxidative deterioration in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

281
Q

4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)

A

most toxic secondary product of lipid peroxidation, and it displays a dual role as a protective signaling molecule during gene expression and a cytotoxic promoter of pathological pathways.

282
Q

Cancer cells

A

have increased levels of reactive oxygen species, indicating a connection between oxidative damage and abnormal cell growth

283
Q

lipid peroxidation

A

The amount of ____ varies within cancer cells with different concentrations of 4-HNE can be found depending on the origin of tumor.

284
Q

Consequences of lipid peroxidation

A

DNA damage and mutagenesis

285
Q

cancer

A

leading cause of death in human beings

286
Q

Cancer

A

characterized by cells that grow and divide out of control, often spreading to other tissues and causing them to become cancerous

287
Q

Cancer cells

A

continue to grow and divide in situations in which normal cells do not

288
Q

Cancer cells

A

cells continue to grow even when the neighboring cells send out “stop-growth” signals

289
Q

Cancer cells

A

manage to keep going and avoid a “self-destruct” signal that usually occurs when DNA damage has occurred

290
Q

Cancer cells

A

They can co-opt the body’s vascular system, causing the growth of new blood vessels to supply the cancerous cells with nutrients

291
Q

Cancer cells

A

essentially immortal

292
Q

metastasis

A

Cancer cells have the ability to break loose, travel to other parts of the body and create new tumors which make them lethal, this is called ____

293
Q

DNA

A

Changes in ____cause changes to specific proteins that are responsible for controlling the cell cycle

294
Q

Tumor suppressor, oncogene

A

Most mutations of DNA affect two types of genes:

295
Q

Tumor suppressor

A

gene that makes a protein that restricts the cell’s ability to divide

296
Q

oncogene

A

one whose protein product stimulates growth and cell division

297
Q

Oncogene

A

Mutations of an ___ cause it to be permanently active

298
Q

Tumor suppressor

A

inhibit transcription of genes that would cause increased replication

299
Q

Replication and division

A

When a mutation occurs in any suppressor, ____and ____ become uncontrolled and tumors result

300
Q

p53

A

Mutations in the ___ gene are found in more than 50% of all human cancers

301
Q
  1. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies to target specific tumors
A

Traditional approach to treat cancer

302
Q

p53

A

More current foci include attempts to reactivate ___ in cancerous tissues when they have lost their function

303
Q

Immortal cells, divide despite “stop growth” signals from nearby cells, spread to other parts of body

A

All potentially fatal cancers have several things in common

304
Q

multiple breakdowns

A

The development of cancer requires _____ in normal metabolism

FINALS REVIEWER (4 decks)

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