CLIMATE SCIENCE Flashcards
1
Q
Philippines
A
one of most exposed countries in the world to many “natural” hazards
2
Q
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunami, lahar flows, typhoons, flooding, landslides, and sea level rise.
A
Natural hazards that Ph is exposed to
3
Q
3rd
A
According to the World Risk Report 2018, the Philippines ranked ____ in terms of disaster risk index.
4
Q
geographical context
A
Due to its ___, the highest risks posed to the country are those of earthquakes reported with ten risk index points and tropical cyclones of 9.5 risk index points.
5
Q
Earthquakes and tropical cyclone
A
The highest risks posed to the country are those of _____
6
Q
10
A
Risk index points of earthquakes
7
Q
9.5
A
Risk index points of tropical cyclones
8
Q
Volcanic eruptions within the “ring of wire”
A
_____ coupled with coastal hazards pose a constant threat to the population with over 109 million inhabitants as of 2020.
9
Q
2016
A
The damages caused by the drought resulting from El Nino were the highest in ____ compared to damages by other natural disasters and were valued at 12.8 trillion Philippine pesos.
10
Q
El Nino
A
The damages caused by the drought resulting from ____ were the highest in 2016 compared to damages by other natural disasters and were valued at 12.8 trillion Philippine pesos.
11
Q
12.8
A
The damages caused by the drought resulting from El Nino were the highest in 2016 compared to damages by other natural disasters and were valued at ___ trillion Philippine pesos.
12
Q
Crop loss/failure; soil erosion Increased pest infestations Rising food prices & food imports
A
Agriculture
13
Q
Water shortages Degraded water quality
A
water
14
Q
Reduced energy production potential Increased demand for energy services
A
Energy
15
Q
Loss of coastal defense, marine habitat & biodiversity Reduced fish populations
A
Coastal ecosystems
16
Q
Damage to roads, bridges, and water and sanitation facilities
A
Infrastructure/ services
17
Q
Loss of life and livelihoods
A
Human health
18
Q
11%
A
Adaptation
19
Q
89%
A
Mitigation
20
Q
Mitigation
A
An intervention to reduce the emissions sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases
21
Q
Adaptation
A
An adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.
22
Q
Mitigation
A
addresses the causes of climate change
23
Q
Adaptation
A
addresses the impacts of climate change
24
Q
Mitigation
A
Primarily in international issue, as it provides global benefits
25
Adaptation
Primarily local issue as it mostly provides benefits at local scale
26
Mitigation
Has long term effect because of the inertia of the climatic system
27
Adaptation
Have short-term effect on the reduction of vulnerability
28
Mitigation
Priority in the energy, transportation, industry and wastes management sectors
29
Adaptation
Priority in water and health sectors and in coastal or low lying areas
30
Mitigation
Aim to reduce emissions that cause climate change
31
Adaptation
Action to manage the risks of climate change impact
32
Republic act of 9729 – climate change act of 2009
Ensure the mainstreaming of climate change, in synergy with DRR into the national, sectoral and local development programs
33
Republic act of 9729 – climate change act of 2009
Created the climate change commission, lead policy making body on climate change, the CCC advisory board, and the national panel of technical experts
34
Republic act of 9729 – climate change act of 2009
Established the framework strategy and national climate change action plan on climate change
35
Republic act 10174 – Peoples survival fund
Provides funding support for climate change adaptation programs at the local level
36
Republic act 10174 – Peoples survival fund
Created the PSF board
37
Philippines climate change action plan
Outlines the specific long term program and strategies for adaptation and mitigation, spanning across three political administrations
38
Philippines climate change action plan
Aims to address urgent and immediate needs and concerns of the country relating to the dangerous consequences of climate change to vulnerable sectors such as agriculture, water resources, ecosystems, humans and infrastructure services
39
Philippines climate change action plan
Responding to the president’s social contract “keeping the promise”
40
National Climate Change Action Plan
To build adaptive capacities of women and men in their communities, increase the resilience of vulnerable sectors and natural ecosystems to climate change, and optimize mitigation opportunities towards gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable development
41
National Climate Change Action Plan
Enhanced adaptive capacity of communities, resilience of natural ecosystems, and sustainability of built environment to climate change
42
National Climate Change Action Plan
Successful transition towards climate-smart development
43
National Climate Change Action Plan
Climate-smart to emphasize the need for adaptive mitigation
44
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Develop and enhance clean energy sources, uses and other efficiency measures towards a low carbon economy in the energy sector.
45
10
The Philippine Energy Plan targets a ___% energy savings across all sectors
46
Renewable energy
Realize the full potential of the country’s renewable energy capacity so as to further contribute to energy security and promote low-carbon growth in the energy sector.
47
Renewable energy
Intensify the development and utilization of renewable and environment-friendly
48
Environmentally Sustainable Transport
Improve the efficiency of the transport sector through increased uptake of alternative fuels and expansion of mass transport systems.
49
Sustainable infrastructure
Reduce carbon footprint through energy-efficient design and materials for public infrastructure and settlements.
50
National REDD+ Strategy
Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation through the sustainable management of forests and the protection and enhancement of carbon stocks in watersheds, forests and other terrestrial ecosystems.
51
Waste management
Full implementation of proper waste management.
52
Enhanced Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments
Enhance the availability and quality of vulnerability and adaptation assessments to serve as the country’s scientific basis for formulating appropriate climate change adaptation strategies.
53
Integrated Ecosystem-Based Management
Manage watershed ecosystems and multi-polar environments through the River Basin Management (RBM) approach.
54
Integrated Ecosystem-Based Management
Build up and improve the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems and communities, including tourism industries, to climate change
55
Integrated Ecosystem-Based Management
Mainstream biodiversity adaptation strategies to climate change in policies, plans and programs of national and local government agencies
56
Climate-Responsive Agriculture
Protect and enhance ecosystems and ecosystem services to secure food and water resources and livelihood opportunities.
57
Climate-Responsive Health Sector
Formulate proper climate-sensitive interventions in ensuring a healthy citizenry, and a disease-resilient community.
58
Climate-Proof Infrastructure
Render the infrastructure sector resilient to the escalating impacts of climate change.
59
1979
The World Climate Conference
60
The World Climate Conference
Held at Geneva from February 12-13, 1979
61
The World Climate Conference
A world conference of experts on climate and mankind
62
The World Climate Conference
issued a declaration calling on the world's governments to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate that might be adverse to the well-being of humanity
63
1987
Montreal Protocol
64
Montreal Protocol
Designed to stop the production and import of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and reduce their concentration in the atmosphere to help protect the earth's ozone layer
65
Montreal Protocol
regulates the production and use of nearly 100 man-made ODS namely CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride, which are all greenhouse gases
66
Montreal Protocol
Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated responsibilities, but most importantly, both groups of countries have binding, time-targeted and measurable commitments
67
Multilateral fund
financial assistance provided to developing countries to help them phase out ODS.
68
1990 to 2010
From ___ to ___ the treaty’s control measures are estimated to have reduced greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of 135 gigatons of CO2, the equivalent of 11 gigatons a year.
69
135
From 1990 to 2010, the treaty’s control measures are estimated to have reduced greenhouse gas emissions by the equivalent of ___ gigatons of CO2, the equivalent of 11 gigatons a year
70
Philippine Ozone Desk (POD)
The _____ of the DENR-EMB is the national coordinator of programs for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol funded by the Multilateral Fund.
71
5
Phase out its consumption of all ODS according to the agreed timetable for Article ___ or developing countries.
72
10
Article 5 countries are given a grace period of ___ years, which means that developed countries must phase out ODS ahead of developing countries.
73
1992
The total consumption of ODS in the country has steadily declined since ___
74
methyl chloroform
Serious efforts had led to the total phase-out of _____ as of 1997 and CFC 113, 114 and 115 and halon 1301 and 1211 as of 1999.
75
CFC-11
Importation of ___ has also been banned as of 2005, while CFC-12 has been banned since 1 January 2010.
76
1988
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Formed
77
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Formed
established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
78
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Formed
formed to collate and assess evidence on climate change.
79
1988
Since ___, the IPCC has had five assessment cycles and delivered five Assessment Reports, the most comprehensive scientific reports about climate change produced worldwide.
80
1990
IPCC’s First Assessment Report
81
IPCC’s First Assessment Report
It concludes that temperatures have risen by 0.3-0.6 C over the last century.
82
IPCC’s First Assessment Report
Humanity's emissions are adding to the atmosphere's natural complement of greenhouse gases, and that the addition would be expected to result in warming.
83
IPCC’s First Assessment Report
played a decisive role in the creation of the UNFCCC, the key international treaty to reduce global warming and cope with the consequences of climate change.
84
1992 & 1994
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
85
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
____ was signed in 1992 and enforced in 1994.
86
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
Its ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
87
Conference of the Parties (COP)
Supreme decision-making body of the United Nations Climate Change Framework Convention (UNFCCC).
88
197
As of 2019, the number of member countries in the UNFCCC has reached ___
89
Conference of the Parties (COP)
Meets yearly to review convention implementation & to adopt amendments, protocols etc.
90
Global methane pledge
Over 100 countries committing collectively to reduce global methane emissions by 30% by 2030.
91
· Common but differentiated responsibilities
Principles of UNFCCC
92
Common but differentiated responsibilities
The convention puts the majority of the responsibility for battling climate change, as well as the majority of the bill, on the wealthy, industrialized countries.
93
Common but differentiated responsibilities
The Convention recognizes that poorer nations have a right to economic development
94
Precautionary principle
Parties should take precautionary measures to anticipate, prevent, or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse effects.
95
Precautionary principle
continues by affirming that a lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to prevent serious or irreversible damage
96
Principle of cost-effectiveness
In response to the concern, among industrialized countries, that the economic costs of mitigating climate change should be minimized, the convention calls for all policies & measures that deal with climate change to be cost-effective.
97
Principle of sustainable development
In response to the justified concerns of poorer developed countries regarding the significant expense of implementing UNFCCC objectives; the convention recognizes that the parties have a right to, and should, promote sustainable development.
98
1. Annex I countries
Group of countries and their differentiated commitments
99
Annex I countries
Composed of 41 industrialized countries, which includes all the 1992 members of OECD. In addition, 12 countries with economies in transition (EIT) have been added to the list.
100
Annex I countries
Subject to a specific commitment to adopt climate change policies & measures with the non-legally binding aim to return their GHG emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000.
101
Annex II countries
Only the OECD members of Annex I – not the EITs – are listed in Annex II of the Convention.
102
Annex II countries
Required to provide financial resources to enable developing countries to meet their obligations under the Convention
103
Non-annex I countries
All other countries not listed in Annex I – mostly developing countries – are known as non-Annex I countries
104
Non-annex I countries
Within this group of developing countries there is a subgroup of 48 countries known as Least Developed Countries (LCDs).
105
1995
First Conference of the Parties (COP)
106
COP 1
Took place from March 28 – April 7, 1995 in Berlin, Germany
107
COP 1
voiced concerns about the adequacy of countries' abilities to meet commitments under the Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (BSTA) and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI).
108
2005
Kyoto Protocol Entry into Force
109
Kyoto Protocol Entry into Force
Adopted on December 11, 1997 at COP 3 and entered into force on February 16, 2005
110
Kyoto Protocol Entry into Force
international agreement setting down targets for industrialized countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions
111
six
Kyoto Protocol covers ____ categories of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
112
• Taking steps to improve the quality of emissions data.
General commitments of Kyoto Protocol
113
5%
At the real heart of the Kyoto Protocol lies its set of legally-binding emissions targets for industrialized countries. These emissions targets amount to a total cut, among all Annex I Parties, of at least ___ from 1990 levels by 2008-2012.
114
· International emissions trading
Mechanism under Kyoto Protocol
115
International emissions trading
Allows countries that have emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets.
116
Clean development mechanism
Allows industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in emission reducing projects in developing countries and claim the saved emissions as part of its own efforts to meet international emissions targets
117
Joint implementation
Projects jointly funded by an industrialized country in another industrialized country to reduce emissions or increase greenhouse gases sinks.
118
2016
Paris Agreement Entry into Force
119
Paris agreement
Adopted by 197 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016.
120
Paris agreement
legally binding international treaty on climate change which aims to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
121
75%
Philippines ratified to the agreement in 2017 and committed to cut greenhouse gas emissions to a ___ reduction by 2030.
