Pollution Flashcards
In cases involving alleged bypass of oil filtration equipment, samples may be sent to the MSL to determine ___.
Path of discharge
What three tests can MSL run on oil samples?
Gas Chromatography (GC)
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Infrared Spectrometry (IR)
What type of gloves should be worn when taking oil samples?
Nitrile
What type of tape used to seal sample jars?
Electrical
Swipe samples should be taken with ___.
4” x 4” PTFE pad
Which samples should be taken first?
Spill (due to weathering)
Minimum number of samples in order to run a comparison at MSL
3 samples
What three locations should spill samples be taken from?
Center, leading edge, trailing edge
Spill samples should be taken where the oil appears ___ .
Heaviest
McGill sheen net samples are highly susceptible to ___.
Biodegradation
Source samples should be taken from any facility or vessel that had ___.
Opportunity to cause the spill
Where should you take samples from each suspected source?
All tanks and bilges
As oil samples are subject to weathering even after collection, samples should be sent to the MSL when?
-As soon as possible
-Immediately
-As soon as practical
-Within specified time
As soon as possible
Oil samples should be kept in a ___,___ place.
Cool, dark
Optimal conditions for storing samples at the unit are in what type of refrigerator?
Explosion proof
A ___ storage fridge may be used instead of an explosion proof fridge if conditions are appropriate.
Flammable
The refrigerator temperature for storing oil samples should be___.
40-42 degrees F
MSL does not require the use of ___ when taking samples.
-Chain of Custody Labels
-Paper tubes
-Electrical tape
-Sorbents
Chain of custody labels
Cases sent to the MSL shall use what number for tracking on the Chain of Custody, Letter of Request, and sample jar labels?
MISLE Incident Investigation Activity number (IIA).
What is the most important document related to samples sent to MSL?
Chain of Custody
Sample labels should be copied to the chain of custody___
-word for word
-you can correct spelling
-verbatim
-add additional detail
Verbatim
If unit policy states the watch stander has custody of samples in the storage fridge, the Chain of Custody___ need to be signed each time the watch changes.
Does not
What two documents should be shipped with the oil samples?
Chain of custody and letter of request
The letter of request should be signed by a unit representative with ___.
“By Direction” signing authority
Oil samples with nothing to compare them to, but the unit wishes to preserve, may be sent to MSL ___.
For prep only
How long does it take MSL to acquire the analytical data for each sample?
65 minutes
How quickly does MSL handle “priority” samples after receipt?
1-3 business days.
What priority should be used when a vessel is detained, commerce is interrupted, or high media interest?
Rush
What regulations are oil samples shipped under?
IATA DGR
What is the shipping name, UN number, and packaging group for oil samples?
Petroleum products, N.O.S.
UN 1268
PG II
What is the inner packaging for oil samples?
4 oz glass jars
How many sample jars may go in one box?
8 jars
Max weight of outer packaging of a shipment of oil samples?
30kg (66lbs)
Unit personnel designated to sign the Shipper’s Declaration of Dangerous Goods must be ___.
Properly trained and certified
How long does MSL retain oil samples before requesting to destroy?
5 fiscal years
How big is a Boulder?
> 257 mm
How big is a cobble?
64-256 mm
How big is a pebble?
4-64 mm
How big is a granule?
2-4 mm
How big is sand?
0.06-2 mm
Surface oil distribution from 91-100%
Continuous
Surface oil distribution from 51-90%
Broken
Surface oil distribution from 11-50
Patchy
Surface oil distribution from 1-10%
Sporadic
Surface oil distribution of less than 1%
Trace
How big is a tar ball?
Less than 10 cm
How big is a tar patty?
Greater than 10 cm
For oil weathering models, what level of uncertainty should be used for crude oil
Medium to high
What can increase the amount of pollutant to be recovered by a factor of 2-4?
Emulsification
What is the mixing of the water-soluble components of oil into the water?
Dissolution
Two major processes that transport oil on water.
Spreading and advection
What are advection mechanisms that can transport oil across great distances?
Wind, currents, and large-scale turbulence
Wind affects the trajectory of oil in what three major ways?
Oil weathering, Surface effects on water, and Direct transport
What current can transport oil for thousands of miles in months to years?
Ocean circulation
What current can transport oil for hundreds of miles in weeks?
Ocean coastal flow
What current can transport oil for tens of miles in weeks?
Estuarine circulation
What current can transport oil for tens of miles in hours to days?
Rivers
Dominant tidal pattern in most of the world’s oceans, having two cycles per day.
Semi-diurnal
Pattern of one high tide and one low tide per day.
Diurnal
What is mixed semi-diurnal tide?
When the two high tides and two low tides are at different levels.
Highest and lowest tide when the moon is full or new.
Spring tide
When tidal range is the lowest, and occurs near the first and last lunar quarters.
Neap tide
Where is the strongest tidal current found?
In shallow waters or narrow channels connecting large bodies of water.
This type of current is important for trajectory purposes as it provides a mechanism for transporting oil in nearshore areas beyond the breakers and offshore.
Langmuir currents
Tidal currents
Tidal convergence
Longshore currents
What can be placed at the mouths of creeks or streams to prevent oil from entering, or to prevent oil in the creek from being released into offshore waters?
Barriers/Berms
What cleanup method involves removal of oil from debris or pushing oil to a collection site with water pressure?
Physical Herding
What is it called when oil is removed using backhoes, graders, bulldozers, or dredgers?
Mechanical Removal
What pressure is used for high pressure hot water flushing?
720 kpa (~104 psi)
What surfaces can high pressure hot water flushing be used on?
Gravel substrates, bedrock, and man-made structures.
Shoreline type with a steep intertidal zone, with greater than a 30 degree slope.
Exposed rocky shores
Shoreline type consisting of a bedrock shelf with a gentle slope, and rich tide pool communities.
Exposed wave-cut platforms in bedrock
Shoreline type where cleanup is usually not required, because stranded oil is quickly removed by wave action.
Exposed scarps and steep slopes in clay.
Shoreline type used by turtles and birds for nesting.
Fine to medium-grained sand
Shoreline type where maximum oil penetration is 10-15 cm.
Fine to medium-grained sand
Shoreline type among the easiest to clean; efforts should focus on preventing the mixing of oil deeper into sediment by vehicular and foot traffic.
Fine to medium-grained sand
Shoreline types (3) where manual removal is recommended to reduce the amount of removed material.
-Fine to medium-grained sand
-Scarps and steep slopes in sand
-Course-grained sand
Shoreline type where removal of too much material may increase erosion.
Scarps and steep slopes in sand
Course-grained sand beaches show oil behavior of ____ penetration and ____ burial.
25 cm penetration and 60 cm burial.
Oil behavior on mixed sand and gravel beaches includes ____ penetration and ____ burial.
50 cm penetration, and deep.
Shoreline type where low pressure flushing may be used to separate oil from sediment, but high pressure should be avoided to avoid transporting contaminated sediment into the intertidal zone.
Mixed sand and gravel
Shoreline type with deep oil penetration due to high permeability
Gravel beaches
Shoreline type made of cobble to bounder sized rocks used to protect harbors:
Rip rap
Shoreline type composed of sand and minor amounts of shell, gravel, or mud; heavy use by birds for roosting and foraging and use by foraging fish.
Exposed Tidal Flats
Shoreline type with a narrow window for cleanup only at low tide.
Exposed tidal flats
Hard to clean shoreline type where use of heavy machinery should be restricted to prevent mixing of oil into the sediments.
Exposed tidal flats
Shoreline types (3) with rough surfaces oil will readily adhere to.
-Rip Rap
-Sheltered rocky shores
-Sheltered, solid man-made structures
Shoreline type with soft sediments that cannot support even light foot traffic in many areas.
Sheltered tidal flats
When cleaning sheltered, vegetated low banks, what should be placed on the water side of the cleanup operations to contain and collect oil outflow?
Sorbent and containment boom
Shoreline types (3) where natural recovery is recommended for light oiling
-Salt and brackish-water marshes
-Freshwater marshes
-Swamps
Shoreline type where wrack should be removed after the threat of oiling has passed.
Mangroves
Part of boom that sits underwater to prevent or reduce the escape of oil:
Skirt
When oil travels under boom due to current:
Entrainment
Entrainment can occur at how many knots?
0.7-1.0 Knots
Deploying boom at what angle may prevent entrainment?
Less than 90 degrees to the direction of flow
When too much oil builds up against the face of the boom and escapes underneath:
Drainage failure
When oil is splashed or blown over the top of the boom:
Splash-over failure
Splash over failure occurs when the water is:
Choppy
When boom is deployed in fast current or is pulled at high speeds, this may occur other than entrainment:
Submergence failure
hen booming lays flat due to wind and current in opposite directions:
Planing
Booming strategy used in little to no current to isolate a spill?
Containment Booming
What are the four types of boom per the Exxon Mobile Field Manual?
-Internal foam floatation
-Self-inflating
-Pressure-inflatable
-Fence
Boom towing strategy using two boats:
U Booming
Boom towing strategy using three boats and a skimmer:
V Booming
Boom towing strategy using two boats and a skimmer:
J Booming
What booming strategy should be used to protect the entrances to harbors when current is greater than 1 kt and breaking waves are under 1.5 ft?
Diversion Booming
Booming strategy used to protect a sensitive area:
Exclusion Booming
Booming strategy used to divert oil away from a sensitive area to a less sensitive location for recovery:
Diversion Booming
Constructed along the upper intertidal zone to prevent incoming tides from depositing oil onto back-shore areas:
Beach Berms
What viscosity of oil is a rope mop skimmer good for?
Medium viscosity
What MER Manual chapter covers ACP compliance?
Chapter 4
What MER Manual chapter covers industry response plans?
Chapter 5
Coast Guard response personnel must be trained to which HAZWOPER levels prior to responding to an actual or potential discharge or release?
-First Responder Awareness (FRA)
-First Responder Operations (FRO)
What gives the FOSC authority to direct or monitor all federal, state, and private actions to remove a discharge?
Section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
All IMDs in Sectors and MSUs with COTP authority shall maintain how many FOSCRs and PRs?
-2 FOSCRs
-3 PRs
All IMDs in Sectors and MSUs without COTP authority shall maintain how many FOSCRs and PRs?
-2 FOSCRs
-2 PRs
IMD pollution response teams shall be deployable within ____.
90 minutes
Preliminary assessments shall be conducted for all reports of pollution, and shall encompass these 5 factors:
-Injuries or Risk to the public
-Source of the pollution
-Source status (secured or not)
-Suspected responsible party
-RP’s actions
What 4 factors go into determining a substantial threat?
-Size of the spill
-Character of the spill
-Threat to public health and welfare
-Proximity to an environmentally sensitive site
When determining a threat to public health or welfare, the FOSC should consider the potential for harm to____.
Human populations, drinking water, and food supplies.
What is not considered when determining a threat to public health and welfare?
Proximity to an environmentally sensitive area
What form is used at the beginning of a response, before the IAP is available?
ICS 201
What is the ICS 201 not?
A detailed incident report
What ICS component prepares the Incident Action Plan?
Planning Section
Incident Objectives form number
-ICS 202
Organization Assignment List form number
-ICS 203
Assignment List form number`
-ICS 204
ICS Medical plan
ICS 206
ICS Medical plan
ICS 206
ICS Site Safety Plan
ICS 208
IAP Safety Analysis form number
-ICS 215A
According to the NCP, who coordinates responses?
-FOSC-
The FOSC can take over what part of the response?
All or some
PRFA: Must agree on these items except:
A-Time frame
B-Specific goods/services to be provided
C-A good faith estimate of total anticipated costs
D-A line item breakdown of expense categories
A-Time frame
A PRFA must be completed to get a Scientific Support Coordinator, unless waived by:
-NOAA
Who is responsible for reporting pollution incidents from a vessel?
a-Owner/operator
b-Master
c-Chief Officer
d-Chief Engineer
b-Master
“Any person in charge of a vessel or facility shall, as soon as he has knowledge of a discharge, immediately notify NRC.”
Who are the best people to conduct SCAT?
Trained team members
Who is responsible for employee PPE?
A-Employer
B-Supervisor
C-Individual
C-Employer
When taking witness statements, PR…
May NOT make corrections
USCG exposure limit for benzene:
A) OSHA PEL: 1 ppm
B) ACGIH TLV: 0.5 ppm
c) NIOSH REL: 0.1 ppm
C)NIOSH REL: 0.1 ppm
What CFR cite do you find information on marine casualties?
46 CFR 4
A discharge of 10,000 gallons or more, irrespective of location, is defined as what?
A Serious Marine Incident
What should be emphasized when writing witness statements?
a) Proper spelling
b) Proper wording
c) Accuracy
d) Length
c) Accuracy
What is not part of the definition of IDLH?
a-Disease, affects behavior, and cancer
b-Limit ability to escape.
c-Permanent injury of long-term onset
d-Danger to life and health
a-Disease, affects behavior, and cancer
“An atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or would impair an individual’s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.”
A serious threat, as determined by the Commandant, and confirmed by the Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, to life, property, or the environment by hazardous materials.
-Major Marine Casualty
Spilling, pumping, or dumping of oil into a navigable waterway counts as a…
-Discharge
Cite for Coast Guard pollution jurisdiction
-33 CFR 2
What does SMAC stand for?
Stop, Move away, Alert, and Close-off
How big is a medium coastal spill?
10,000 to 100,000 gallons
Info from the ICS 203 is used to create what form?
-ICS 207
For oil weathering models, what level of uncertainty should be used for crude oil?
Medium to high
For oil weathering models, what level of uncertainty should be used for crude oil?
Medium to high
