pollination syndromes

Question 1

bee

Answer 1

color: blue, purple, yellow
scent: fresh, strong

flowering time: day

corolla: bilateral landing platform
reward: nectar and/or pollen

Question 2

butterfly

Answer 2

color: bright, often red
scent: fresh, weak

flowering time: day

corolla: landing platform; sometimes nectar spurs
reward: nectar only

Question 3

moth

Answer 3

color: white or pale (easier to locate at night)
scent: sweet, strong

flowering time: night/dusk

corolla: dissected; sometimes nectar spurs
reward: nectar only

Question 4

fly (reward)

Answer 4

color: light
scent: faint

flowering time: day

corolla: radial, shallow
reward: nectar and/or pollen

Question 5

fly (carrion)

Answer 5

color: brownish, purplish
scent: rotten, strong

flowering time: day or night

corolla: enclosed or open
reward: none

Question 6

beetle

Answer 6

color: often green or white
scent: various, strong

flowering time: day or night

corolla: enclosed or open
reward: nectar and/or pollen

Question 7

bird

Answer 7

color: bright, often red
scent: none

flowering time: day

corolla: tubular or pendant; ovary often inferior
reward: nectar only

Question 8

bat

Answer 8

color: whitish
scent: musky, strong

flowering time: night

corolla: showy flower or inflorescence
reward: nectar and/or pollen

Question 9

non-flying mammals

Answer 9

color: dull-colored
scent: unscented to variously strong

flowering time: night

corolla: robust; exserted styles and stamina
reward: copious pollen and/or nectar

• -broad range of characteristics
• -differences in morphology and foraging behavior
• -primates: unscented and very large
• -marsupials: in forest canopy
• -rodents: close to grounds, yeasty odor

Question 10

blue flower

Answer 10

bee

Question 11

purple flower

Answer 11

bee or fly (carrion)

Question 12

yellow flower

Answer 12

bee

Question 13

bright flowers

Answer 13

bee (yellow)
butterfly
bird (red)

Question 14

red flowers

Answer 14

butterfly

bird

Question 15

white flowers

Answer 15

moth
fly (reward)
beetle
bat

Question 16

dull flowers

Answer 16

nonflying mammals

Question 17

strong scented flowers

Answer 17

bee
moth
fly (carrion)
bat
nonflying mammals

Question 18

unscented flowers

Answer 18

bird

nonflying mammals

Question 19

freshly scented flowers

Answer 19

bee

butterfly

Question 20

weakly scented flowers

Answer 20

butterfly

fly (reward)

Question 21

musky scented flowers

Answer 21

bat

Question 22

rotten scented flowers

Answer 22

fly (carrion)

Question 23

sweetly scented flowers

Answer 23

moth

Question 24

fresh + strong

Answer 24

bee

Question 25

fresh + weak

Answer 25

butterfly

Question 26

sweet + strong

Answer 26

moth

Question 27

faint

Answer 27

fly (reward)

Question 28

rotten + strong

Answer 28

fly (carrion)

Question 29

various, strong

Answer 29

beetle

Question 30

unscented

Answer 30

bird

Question 31

musky + strong

Answer 31

bat

Question 32

unscented to variously strong

Answer 32

nonflying mammals

Question 33

flowering during the day

Answer 33

``` bee butterfly fly (reward, carrion) beetle bird ```

Question 34

flowering during the night

Answer 34

``` moth fly (carrion) beetle bat nonflying mammals ```

Question 35

bilateral landing platform

Answer 35

bee

Question 36

landing platform; sometimes nectar spurs

Answer 36

butterfly

Question 37

dissected corolla; sometimes nectar spurs

Answer 37

moth

Question 38

radial, shallow corolla

Answer 38

fly (reward)

Question 39

enclosed or open corolla

Answer 39

fly (carrion) | beetle

Question 40

tubular or pendant corolla; ovary often inferior

Answer 40

bird

Question 41

showy flower or inflorescence

Answer 41

bat

Question 42

robust; exserted styles and stamens

Answer 42

nonflying mammals

Question 43

reward: nectar only

Answer 43

butterfly moth bird

Question 44

nectar or pollen reward

Answer 44

``` bee fly (reward) beetle bat nonflying mammals (copious amounts) ```

Question 45

no reward

Answer 45

fly (carrion)