pollination syndromes Flashcards
bee
color: blue, purple, yellow
scent: fresh, strong
flowering time: day
corolla: bilateral landing platform
reward: nectar and/or pollen
butterfly
color: bright, often red
scent: fresh, weak
flowering time: day
corolla: landing platform; sometimes nectar spurs
reward: nectar only
moth
color: white or pale (easier to locate at night)
scent: sweet, strong
flowering time: night/dusk
corolla: dissected; sometimes nectar spurs
reward: nectar only
fly (reward)
color: light
scent: faint
flowering time: day
corolla: radial, shallow
reward: nectar and/or pollen
fly (carrion)
color: brownish, purplish
scent: rotten, strong
flowering time: day or night
corolla: enclosed or open
reward: none
beetle
color: often green or white
scent: various, strong
flowering time: day or night
corolla: enclosed or open
reward: nectar and/or pollen
bird
color: bright, often red
scent: none
flowering time: day
corolla: tubular or pendant; ovary often inferior
reward: nectar only
bat
color: whitish
scent: musky, strong
flowering time: night
corolla: showy flower or inflorescence
reward: nectar and/or pollen
non-flying mammals
color: dull-colored
scent: unscented to variously strong
flowering time: night
corolla: robust; exserted styles and stamina
reward: copious pollen and/or nectar
- -broad range of characteristics
- -differences in morphology and foraging behavior
- -primates: unscented and very large
- -marsupials: in forest canopy
- -rodents: close to grounds, yeasty odor
blue flower
bee
purple flower
bee or fly (carrion)
yellow flower
bee
bright flowers
bee (yellow)
butterfly
bird (red)
red flowers
butterfly
bird
white flowers
moth
fly (reward)
beetle
bat
dull flowers
nonflying mammals
strong scented flowers
bee moth fly (carrion) bat nonflying mammals
unscented flowers
bird
nonflying mammals
freshly scented flowers
bee
butterfly
weakly scented flowers
butterfly
fly (reward)
musky scented flowers
bat
rotten scented flowers
fly (carrion)
sweetly scented flowers
moth
fresh + strong
bee
fresh + weak
butterfly
sweet + strong
moth
faint
fly (reward)
rotten + strong
fly (carrion)
various, strong
beetle
unscented
bird
musky + strong
bat
unscented to variously strong
nonflying mammals
flowering during the day
bee butterfly fly (reward, carrion) beetle bird
flowering during the night
moth fly (carrion) beetle bat nonflying mammals
bilateral landing platform
bee
landing platform; sometimes nectar spurs
butterfly
dissected corolla; sometimes nectar spurs
moth
radial, shallow corolla
fly (reward)
enclosed or open corolla
fly (carrion)
beetle
tubular or pendant corolla; ovary often inferior
bird
showy flower or inflorescence
bat
robust; exserted styles and stamens
nonflying mammals
reward: nectar only
butterfly
moth
bird
nectar or pollen reward
bee fly (reward) beetle bat nonflying mammals (copious amounts)
no reward
fly (carrion)
