Pollination Flashcards
Plant with male and female flowers borne on the same individuals (ex. corn, squash, cucumber)
Monoecious
Plants where male and female flowers are borne on DIFFERENT individuals. (ex. holly, gingko, ash, yew)
Dioecious
Formed when sperm unites with the egg.
Zygote
Food storage tissue formed by union of secondary sperm and another cell in the ovule.
Endosperm
Pollen from the plant pollinates the stigma of the same plant (inbreeding).
Self-pollination
Pollen from another plant in the same species pollinates the stigma of the plant (out breeding).
Cross-pollination
Transfer of pollen from the stamen to the pistil
Pollination
Transfer of sperm from a pollen tube to an ovule
Fertilization
The part of the flower that becomes the fruit
Ovary
Separation of female and male flower functions IN TIME (pollen is shed before or after stigma is receptive. minimizes self pollination).
Dichogamy
Stigma and stems physically separated to limit self-pollination. Stamens usually below the stigmas.
Herkogamy
Automatic self-pollination. Propagate using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Ex. legumes and grasses. Often appear lower on the plant.
Cleistogamous
Why is preventing self-pollination a survival strategy? (name 3)
- Genetic diversity
- Adaptation to new environments
- Possible mutations
Name two things that prevent fertilization.
- Weather.
2. Pollen of one species falls on unrelated species.
Pollination that occurs by wind
Anemophily pollination
Pollination that occurs by water
Hydrophily pollination
Pollination which occurs without a living vector
Abiotic pollination
Pollination which occurs with a living vector
Biotic pollination
What is the term for plant adaptations used to attract pollinators?
Pollination syndromes
“Pollination syndrom” adaptations (name 7)
- Flower shape
- Flower hue (color)
- Flower brightness (pale to dark)
- Quantity of pollen
- Quality of nectar
- Type of fragrance (if any)
- Other secondary metabolites
Which colors attract which pollinators?
Red/orange –Birds & Hummingbirds Yellow –Bees & Butterflies Green –Wind (sometimes flies, if stinky) Blue/purple –Bees Maroon –Beetles & Flies UV –Bees & Butterflies White –Moths
Term that describes how some plants trick pollinators to come to their flowers
Mimicry
Types of mimicry (name 5)
- Looking like other flowers that have rewards
- Looking like mating partners
- Looking like insect prey
- Looking/smelling like food sources
- Using floral traps to insure pollination
What are the benefit of using pollinators? (versus wind)
Rapid, direct, and more certain cross-pollination
What are some rewards plants provide to pollinators?
- Nectaries
- Pheromones
- Resins
- Oils
Name the primary pollinators
Bees, wasps, beetles, butterflies, moths, bats, mosquitos, flies, and birds
Flower parts which are used as landing platforms?
Petals, sepals, and calyx
