Fruits

Question 1

What are referred to as “true fruits”?

Answer 1

Fruit developed solely from the ovary and its contents (ex. peach).

Question 2

Fruits developed from the ovary plus additional parts of the flower such as receptacle, petals, and sepals (example pineapple, apple)

Answer 2

Accessory fruit

Question 3

Wall of a ripened ovary, fruit wall

Answer 3

Pericarp

Question 4

Outermost part of a fruit (thin skin)

Answer 4

Exocarp

Question 5

Innermost portion of the fruit wall (hard and stony)

Answer 5

Endocarp

Question 6

Middle portion of the fruit between the skin and the stone (either fleshy or fibrous)

Answer 6

Mesocarp

Question 7

Fertilized ripened ovule of a flowering plant containing an embryo and generally capable of germination

Answer 7

Seed

Question 8

Basic unit of an ovary formed from one highly modified leaf

Answer 8

Carpel

Question 9

Type of simple dry fruit produced by many plants; nearly fills the pericarp (but does not adhere). Ex. sunflower seed

Answer 9

Achene

Question 10

Dry fruits which open at maturity to discharge seeds

Answer 10

Dehiscent

Question 11

Dry fruits which do not open at maturity to discharge seeds (many are one seeded fruits)

Answer 11

Indehiscent

Question 12

Fruits formed from one pistil (May be either true or accessory fruits)

Answer 12

Simple fruits

Question 13

Fruits in which the coat becomes dry at maturity

Answer 13

dry fruits

Question 14

A dry dehiscent fruit developed from one carpel, which at maturity splits along both the dorsal and ventral sutures (ex. peas, peanuts, beans)

Answer 14

Legume

Question 15

A dry dehiscent fruit developed from one carpel, at maturity splits along ONE suture (ex, larkspur, columbine)

Answer 15

Follicle

Question 16

Dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels

Answer 16

Capsule

Question 17

Dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels, which splits along the outer median line (ex. lilies)

Answer 17

Loculicidal capsule

Question 18

Dry dehiscent fruit developed from several carpels, which splits along the septa and opens at the top (ex. yucca, agave)

Answer 18

Septicidal capsule

Question 19

A special long slender capsule of 2 carpels (ex. mustards)

Answer 19

Silique

Question 20

Special short broad capsule of 2 carpels (ex. mustards)

Answer 20

Silicle

Question 21

Capsule which has circumscissle dehiscence (ex. plantain, amaranths, purslane)

Answer 21

Pyxis

Question 22

Capsule which opens with round holes (ex. poppies)

Answer 22

Poricidal capsule

Question 23

One-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit. Seed is attached to fruit wall at single point (ex. buttercups, dandelion, sunflower)

Answer 23

Achene

Question 24

One-seeded, dry, indehiscent similar to achene with wall greatly thickened and hardened (ex. hazel, macadamia, chestnut, oak)

Answer 24

Nut

Question 25

One or two seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit in which part of the fruit wall grows into a wing (ex. elm, maple, ash)

Answer 25

Samara

Question 26

One-seeded dry indehiscent fruit in which fruit wall and seed coat are fused (ex. wheat, corn, grasses, all cereals)

Answer 26

Grain

Question 27

Fruit formed from several carpels, each carpel of this pistil enclosing a single ovule, at purity the carpels separate as separate indehiscent fruit (ex. mallow, wild carrot, dill)

Answer 27

Schizocarp

Question 28

Fruits in which the wall becomes soft and fleshy as it matures

Answer 28

Fleshy fruits

Question 29

One-seed simple fruit developed from a superior ovary in which the innermost portion of the wall (endocarp) becomes hard and stony, and outermost (exocarp) becomes relatively thin skin, and middle (mesocarp) becomes either fleshy or fibrous (ex. cherry, coconut, peach, cherry, plum, olive, avocado)

Answer 29

Drupe

Question 30

Simple fruit in which the ovary wall (or at least inner portion) becomes enlarged and usually juicy (ex. grape, banana, coffee, eggplant, pomegranate)

Answer 30

Berry

Question 31

Special type of berry in which a leathery rind forms; interior of fruit is divided by septa indicating the number of carpels (all citrus)

Answer 31

Hesperidium

Question 32

Special type fo berry in which a relatively hard rind is formed; interior of fruit NOT divided by septa (ex. gourds, cucumber, watermelon, pumpkin, squash, zucchini)

Answer 32

Pepo

Question 33

Accessory fleshy fruit formed by a group of carpels more or less firmly united with each other and surrounded by and united to the floral tube or receptacle (ex. apple, pear, mountain ash)

Answer 33

Pome

Question 34

Fruit formed by the development of a number of pistils from the same flower (the individual units may be berries or other specific types) (ex. strawberry, rose hip, raspberry)

Answer 34

Aggregate fruit

Question 35

Fruit formed by the development of a number of postils often with accessory parts, the pistils being from a number of flowers (ex. mulberry, pineapple, fig)

Answer 35

Multiple fruit

Question 36

By which two ways may seedless fruit develop?

Answer 36

A. Without any fertilization. Some species such as tomato, pineapple, cucumber, produce seedless fruit if not pollinated but do produce seeded fruit if pollination occurs

B. Pollination triggers fruit development, but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds. Ex. seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants, whose three sets of chromosomes prevent meiosis and thus the fruit may not produce fertile gametes. Can arise by spontaneous mutation or by hybridization between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same or different species.