politics - terrorism

Question 1

causes

Answer 1

colonial history/religion
disenfranchisement & north/south divide
motorbike incident

Question 2

north vs south

Answer 2

south has vast oil reserves
unemployment: 9% in Nigeria, 23.85% in Born state, 4.5% in Lagos
literate pop: 62% nigeria, 23% Borno, 96% lagos
living in. poverty: 72% north, 27% south

Question 3

motorbike helmet incident

Answer 3

2009 crackdown on BH and death of mohammed yusef
June 2009, dentin BH members for riding without helemets, 17 people shot by secuirty
just over a month later, police raided homes of BH and took bomb making material
BH militants attack police station days later, 700 people died in days, climaxing with death of yusef
BH reemerged in 2010 under leadership of former deputy

Question 4

NEDC

Answer 4

formed 2017, reconstruct and develop northeast Nigeria, hopes to dress poverty
funds by UN, World Bank, EU, Nigerian gov
plan to provide 20,000 scholarships in 10 years, June 2022 awarded 5000
success:
reduction in violence from 6000+ in 2014 to under 200 in 2021
BH pushed from Borno
20,000 suspected BH arrested

Question 5

MNTJF (regional response)

Answer 5

formed 2015, 7,500-10,000 troops from Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Benin & Cameroon
success:
march-tune 2022: launched ‘operation Lake Sanity’, freed 4,500 hostages, killed 805 militants, seized weapons and destroyed weapon productions
challenges:
lack of suitable equipment, ‘MNJTF needs financial, material and legal support’ - Chad prime minister

Question 6

UN

Answer 6

2014: declared BH terroirst organisation and affiliate of al Qaeda, deters would be funders
2017: resolution 764, emphases need for development, ‘only solution… economic development of region’

Question 7

US

Answer 7

not heavily involved, unlike with ISIS
dec 2017, $600 mill arms deal and 12 aircraft with thousand of rockets
April 2022: $997 mill of weapons to improve security
‘Leahy Law’ prevent US forces working with forge in military accused of chronic human rights violations

Question 8

terrorism an an interment of state policy (challenge and key aspect)

Answer 8

Iran training of Hezbeollah, 4.8 bill in funding, 700 min annually
part of Iran’s military structure, Shia party and Shia leader in Iran
fought against rebel groups in Syria

Question 9

non state terrorism (challenge and key aspect)

Answer 9

groups closely organised and hard to identify, don’t engage in crisis diplomacy, aren’t bound by international law, conventional strategies ineffective against groups who don’t posses formal assets

Question 10

asymmetric warfare (challenge and key aspect)

Answer 10

difficult to prepare and guard, BH appears stronger due to sporadic attacks and ‘undermines legitimacy of Nigeria’
2014 kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls in Chibok, 2019 naganzi funeral attack
2024, 4 coordinated suicide bombings, one at wedding, 30 dead

Question 11

globalisation (challenge)

Answer 11

use of social media, terrorist thrive due to access of weapons etc
‘…bought western ideas…into patriarchal corners of the world.’
‘facilitated the spread of radical interpretations of Islam’. - CNN

Question 12

human rights violations (challenge)

Answer 12

AI report, 2015 - ‘stars on their shoulders, blood on their hands’
Nigerian military:
extrajudicially executed more the 1200, arbitrary arrests of at least 20,000, conflict has claimed 17,000 lives and 1 million displaced
march 2014, mass extrajudicial execution in Maidagari, aftermath of BH attack on military detention centre where military killed 640 men and boys, mostly recaptured detainees