Politics IELTS Flashcards

1
Q

The system or group of people governing an organized community.

A

Government

Example: “The government implemented new policies to address economic challenges.”

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2
Q

A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual.

A

Policy

Example: “The environmental policy aimed at reducing carbon emissions.”

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3
Q

Laws, considered collectively.

A

Legislation

Example: “The new legislation focused on improving healthcare access for all citizens.”

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4
Q

The status of being a member of a particular country and having the rights and privileges that come with it.

A

Citizenship

Example: “Obtaining citizenship requires fulfilling specific legal requirements.”

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5
Q

The formal process of choosing a person for a public office by voting.

A

Election

Example: “The election results were announced after a thorough counting process.”

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Relating to or supporting democracy.

A

Democratic

Example: “The country transitioned to a more democratic form of governance.”

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8
Q

Characterized by a concentration of power in a single authority.

A

Authoritarian

Example: “The authoritarian regime tightly controlled media and dissenting voices.”

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9
Q

Favoring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform.

A

Progressive

Example: “The progressive policy aimed to address social inequality.”

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10
Q

Open and accountable; easily seen through.

A

Transparent

Example: “A transparent government ensures public trust through open communication.”

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11
Q

Relating to the economy or the system of production and distribution of goods and services.

A

Economic

Example: “The economic policy focused on stimulating job growth.”

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12
Q

To put a decision, plan, or agreement into effect.

A

Implement

Example: “The government decided to implement new education reforms.”

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13
Q

To make a bill into law.

A

Enact

Example: “The parliament voted to enact the proposed immigration legislation.”

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14
Q

To make changes to a document or law.

A

Amend

Example: “The constitution was amended to include new human rights provisions.”

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15
Q

To seek to influence (a politician or public official) on an issue.

A

Lobby

Example: “Interest groups often lobby for policies that align with their goals.”

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16
Q

A series of coordinated activities, such as public speaking and demonstrating, designed to achieve a social, political, or commercial goal.

A

Campaign

Example: “The candidate began their campaign to raise awareness about environmental issues.”

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17
Q

With constant and earnest effort.

A

Diligently

Example: “The committee worked diligently to draft a comprehensive immigration policy.”

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18
Q

In a way that relates to the identification of long-term or overall aims and interests.

A

Strategically

Example: “The government strategically invested in technology to boost economic growth.”

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19
Q

In a way that produces the desired or intended result.

A

Effectively

Example: “The policy was implemented effectively, leading to a decrease in crime rates.”

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20
Q

Taking action to initiate change rather than reacting to events.

A

Proactively

Example: “The government addressed the issue proactively, anticipating potential challenges.”

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21
Q

In a way that involves careful judgment and analysis.

A

Critically

Example: “Citizens should critically evaluate the policies proposed by their leaders.”

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22
Q

To complete or accomplish.

A

Carry out

Example: “The government promised to carry out the reforms within the next year.”

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23
Q

To support or endorse.

A

Back up

Example: “The opposition party backed up the proposal for educational reform.”

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24
Q

To cause to happen.

A

Bring about

Example: “The new law aimed to bring about positive changes in environmental practices.”

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25
Q

To introduce or withdraw gradually.

A

Phase in/out

Example: “The government decided to phase out subsidies for non-renewable energy sources.”

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26
Q

To choose or prefer.

A

Opt for

Example: “The citizens opted for a candidate with a strong stance on healthcare reform.”

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27
Q

To organize oneself; to start behaving more responsibly.

A

Get one’s act together

Example: “The government needs to get its act together and address pressing issues.”

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28
Q

To simplify bureaucratic procedures.

A

Cut through the red tape

Example: “Efforts to cut through the red tape aim to make government processes more efficient.”

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29
Q

To increase or intensify.

A

Ramp up

Example: “The government decided to ramp up efforts to combat climate change.”

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30
Q

Hold someone accountable

A

Hold someone accountable

Example: “Citizens expect the government to hold officials accountable for corruption.”

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31
Q

To start a new activity quickly and energetically.

A

Hit the ground running

Example: “The newly elected officials vowed to hit the ground running on policy reforms.”

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32
Q

It is now your responsibility or decision.

A

Ball is in your court

Example: “The proposed legislation has been passed; now the ball is in the government’s court to implement it.”

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33
Q

Problems or difficulties are often hidden in the details of a plan or idea.

A

The devil is in the details

Example: “While the policy sounded promising, the devil is in the details, and some key issues were overlooked.”

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34
Q

In secret; privately.

A

Behind closed doors

Example: “Negotiations between the two parties took place behind closed doors to reach a consensus.”

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35
Q

In the process of being planned or developed

A

In the pipeline

Example: “Several new policies are in the pipeline to address economic challenges.”

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36
Q

To face a difficult situation with courage.

A

Bite the bullet

Example: “The government had to bite the bullet and make tough decisions to stabilize the economy.”

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37
Q

To be the parts that form something; to compose.

A

Constitute

Example: “The committee was constituted by representatives from various sectors.”

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38
Q

In agreement or compliance with.

A

In accordance with

Example: “The policy was implemented in accordance with international standards.”

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39
Q

To make less severe, serious, or painful.

A

Mitigate

Example: “Efforts were made to mitigate the impact of the economic downturn on vulnerable populations.”

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40
Q

To make a process easier or possible.

A

Facilitate

Example: “The new infrastructure projects were designed to facilitate economic development.”

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41
Q

In a methodical and organized manner.

A

Systematically

Example: “The government systematically reviewed existing policies to identify areas for improvement.”

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42
Q

To understand or comprehend something challenging.

A

Wrap one’s head around

informal

Example: “It took me a while to wrap my head around the complex tax reform proposal.”

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43
Q

To take a risk or make oneself vulnerable.

A

Stick one’s neck out

Example: “The politician decided to stick his neck out and advocate for controversial but necessary reforms.”

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44
Q

To manage or get by despite difficulties.

A

Muddle through

Example: “The government had to muddle through the economic crisis with limited resources.”

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45
Q

To break or circumvent established rules.

A

Bend the rules

Example: “Some businesses try to bend the rules to gain a competitive advantage.”

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46
Q

To act in a tough or aggressive manner.

A

Play hardball

Example: “During negotiations, both parties decided to play hardball to secure the best deal.”

47
Q

A geographical area represented by an elected official.

A

Constituency

Example: “The candidate toured the constituency to understand local concerns.”

48
Q

A general vote by the electorate on a single political question.

A

Referendum

Example: “The decision to leave the European Union was made through a referendum.”

49
Q

A system of government in which most decisions are made by state officials.

A

Bureaucracy

Example: “Some argue that bureaucracy can lead to slow decision-making.”

50
Q

A body of high-ranking government officials, typically representing executive departments.

A

Cabinet

Example: “The cabinet met to discuss key policy issues facing the nation.”

51
Q

Responsible for one’s actions; expected to justify decisions.

A

Accountable

Example: “Elected officials should be accountable to the people they serve.”

52
Q

Including all segments of society; not exclusive.

A

Inclusive

Example: “An inclusive policy promotes equal opportunities for everyone.”

53
Q

Dealing with things sensibly and realistically.

A

Pragmatic

Example: “A pragmatic approach is needed to address complex social issues.”

54
Q

Capable of being maintained over the long term without harming the environment.

A

Sustainable

Example: “Governments worldwide are focusing on sustainable development goals.”

55
Q

Prejudiced in favor of a particular cause or group.

A

Partisan

Example: “It’s important for politicians to set aside partisan differences for the common good.”

56
Q

To find a way through a complex system or situation.

A

Navigate

Example: “The government had to navigate economic challenges during the recession.”

57
Q

To make a system or process more efficient and effective.

A

Streamline

Example: “Efforts were made to streamline the bureaucratic procedures for faster decision-making.”

58
Q

To create or develop something strong, enduring, or successful.

A

Forge

Example: “Diplomats worked to forge international agreements on climate change.”

59
Q

To give power or authority to someone; to make someone stronger and more confident.

A

Empower

Example: “Education is a key tool to empower individuals and communities.”

60
Q

to promote the growth or development of something.

A

Foster

Example: “The government aimed to foster innovation through research and development initiatives.”

61
Q

In a cooperative manner with others.

A

Collaboratively

Example: “Addressing global challenges requires collaboratively developed solutions.”

62
Q

In a way that has a harmful or negative effect.

A

Adversely

Example: “Economic policies can sometimes adversely affect vulnerable populations.”

63
Q

As a result or effect of something.

A

Consequently

Example: “Increased public awareness of climate change; consequently, governments implemented stricter environmental regulations.”

64
Q

In a way that is not directly expressed but is understood.

A

Implicitly

Example: “By accepting the treaty, the country implicitly agreed to abide by certain international standards.”

65
Q

In a thorough and accurate manner.

A

Rigorously

Example: “The data was rigorously analyzed before policy recommendations were made.”

66
Q

To delay or obstruct the progress of something.

A

Hold up

Example: “Unexpected challenges can sometimes hold up the implementation of policies.”

67
Q

To withdraw from a position or a previously held stance.

A

Back down

Example: “After public outcry, the government decided to back down on the controversial tax proposal.”

68
Q

To present or explain something in a clear and orderly manner.

A

Set forth

Example: “The committee set forth a comprehensive plan for education reform.”

69
Q

To introduce gradually, typically over a period of time.

A

Phase into

Example: “The government planned to phase into the new healthcare system over the next two years.”

70
Q

To reach the lowest point before stabilization or improvement.

A

Bottom out

Example: “Economic indicators suggest that the recession may finally be bottoming out.”

71
Q

To describe exactly what is causing a situation or problem.

A

Hit the nail on the head

Example: “The analyst hit the nail on the head by identifying the root cause of the economic downturn.”

72
Q

To make someone accountable for their actions.

A

Hold one’s feet to the fire

Example: “Citizens must hold their representatives’ feet to the fire to ensure transparency.”

73
Q

to manipulate financial records dishonestly.

A

Cook the books

Example: “Allegations of companies cooking the books led to regulatory investigations.”

74
Q

Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.

A

Corruption

Example: “The government pledged to eradicate corruption and enhance transparency.”

75
Q

The act of giving or receiving something of value, often money, to influence the actions of an official.

A

Bribery

Example: “Bribery is a serious offense that undermines the integrity of public institutions.”

76
Q

The misappropriation or theft of funds entrusted to someone.

A

Embezzlement

Example: “The official was arrested for embezzlement of public funds.”

77
Q

Favoritism shown to family members in matters of employment or economic benefits.

A

Nepotism

Example: “Accusations of nepotism surrounded the appointment of key government officials.”

78
Q

A payment made to someone in return for facilitating a transaction or influencing a decision.

A

Kickback

Example: “The contractor was accused of paying kickbacks to secure government contracts.”

79
Q

Not conforming to accepted moral standards; morally wrong.

A

Unethical

Example: “Engaging in bribery is considered unethical and can lead to severe consequences.”

80
Q

Forbidden by law, rules, or custom.

A

Illicit

Example: “Illicit financial transactions contribute to the perpetuation of corruption.”

81
Q

Acting in a deceitful or dishonest manner.

A

Underhanded
Example: “The underhanded tactics used by some politicians tarnished the electoral process.”

82
Q

To ask for or try to obtain something, often through improper means.

A

Solicit

Example: “The official was caught soliciting bribes in exchange for government contracts.”

83
Q

To take advantage of someone or something for personal gain.

A

Exploit

Example: “Corrupt individuals often exploit their positions of power for financial benefits.”

84
Q

To expose or make vulnerable to danger, suspicion, or disrepute.

A

Compromise

Example: “Engaging in corrupt practices can compromise the credibility of an organization.”

85
Q

To process illegally obtained funds to make them appear legal.

A

Launder money

Example: “Money laundering is often associated with corruption and organized crime.”

86
Q

To ignore or pretend not to notice something, especially wrongdoing.

A

Turn a blind eye to

Example: “Some officials may turn a blind eye to corruption within their ranks.”

87
Q

To take shortcuts, often compromising quality or legality to save time or money.

A

Cut corners
Example: “Businesses engaged in corruption may cut corners to maximize profits.”

88
Q

: To profit from or take advantage of a situation.

A

Cash in on

Example: “Some corrupt officials attempt to cash in on their positions for personal enrichment.”

89
Q

A small, visible part of a much larger problem.

A

The tip of the iceberg

Example: “The recent scandal is just the tip of the iceberg in uncovering widespread corruption.”

90
Q

To express a formal indication of choice, usually by marking a ballot or raising a hand.

A

Vote

Example: “Citizens have the right to vote in democratic elections.”

91
Q

To choose someone for public office through a voting process.

A

Elect

Example: “The citizens will elect a new mayor next month.”

92
Q

A sheet of paper or a card used to cast a vote in an election.

A

Ballot

Example: “Each voter will receive a ballot with a list of candidates.”

93
Q

: The process of choosing a person or group for office by voting.

A

Election

Example: “The upcoming election will determine the next president.”

94
Q

A designated place where people go to cast their votes in an election.

A

Polling station

Example: “Voters should go to their assigned polling stations on election day.”

95
Q

In complete agreement or showing the same opinion.

A

Unanimous

“The decision to elect the new leader was unanimous among the voters.¨

96
Q

A formal discussion on a particular topic, usually in a structured setting with opposing viewpoints.

A

Debate

Example: “The candidates engaged in a heated debate on economic policies.”

97
Q

A reason or set of reasons given in support of or against a proposition.

A

Argument

Example: “Each participant presented a compelling argument during the debate.”

98
Q

Written or spoken communication or debate.

A

Discourse

Example: “The discourse on climate change involved scientists, policymakers, and activists.”

99
Q

Capable of convincing or influencing others effectively.

A

Persuasive

Example: “Her persuasive arguments swayed many undecided voters.”

100
Q

United or logically connected in a consistent and effective way.

A

Cohesive

Example: “A cohesive debate structure enhances the overall impact of the discussion.”

101
Q

Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.

A

Eloquent

Example: “The eloquent speaker captivated the audience with her well-articulated points.”

102
Q

Characterized by subtle shades of meaning or understanding.

A

Nuanced

Example: “The debate touched on nuanced aspects of the immigration policy.”

103
Q

Causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial.

A

Contentious

Example: “The debate became contentious as participants disagreed on fundamental issues.”

104
Q

To question or dispute a statement or idea, often to provoke discussion.

A

Challenge

Example: “The moderator encouraged the audience to challenge the candidates with thoughtful questions.”

105
Q

To prove a statement or theory to be false or incorrect.

A

Refute

Example: “The debater worked hard to refute the opposing side’s key points.”

106
Q

In a manner that persuades or satisfies others.

A

Convincingly

Example: “The debater convincingly demonstrated the flaws in the proposed policy.”

107
Q

: In a way that shows regard and consideration for others’ opinions.

A

Respectfully

Example: “Participants were encouraged to express their views respectfully during the debate.”

108
Q

To discuss a matter thoroughly, often with the aim of reaching an agreement.

A

Talk over

Example: “The debaters were encouraged to talk over their differences and find common ground.”

109
Q

To reach an agreement or consensus through persistent negotiation or discussion.

A

Hammer out

Example: “The negotiators worked hard to hammer out a compromise on the contentious issue.”

110
Q

To engage in direct competition or confrontation.

A

Go head to head

Example: “The final round of the debate saw the two top contenders go head to head.”

111
Q

To maintain one’s position or viewpoint in the face of opposition.

A

Hold one’s ground

Example: “The debater held her ground, defending her stance against strong criticism.”

112
Q

To conduct a survey of people’s opinions, often related to political candidates or issues.

A

Poll

Example: “The organization polled the community to gauge public sentiment.”

113
Q

In a way that is done openly and unashamedly.

A

Blatantly

Example: “The kickbacks were accepted blatantly, without any attempt to hide the illicit transactions.”