politics-Ideoligies Flashcards

Question

what was the state of nature?

Answer 1

the natural societies that existed before formal governments

Answer 2

belief that socialism and capitalism can co-exist

Answer 3

-important member of the right wing of the labour party -created comprehensive school system -believed in mixed 'Keynesian' economy -wrote: *'future of socialism' *'the conservative enemy' *'socialism now'

Answer 4

belief that socialism should not only tolerate but embrace capitalism

Answer 5

-large influence on 'new labour' -socialists should 'go with the flow' when it came to capitalism -against equality of outcome -focus on social equality -wrote: *'beyond left and right' *'the third way- the renewal of social democracy'

Answer 6

"we are intensely relaxed about people getting filthy rich...as ~long as they pay their taxes"

Answer 7

-more free market oriented -focus on equality of opportunity -focus on 'human rights' -scrapped clause IV -many argued no longer socialist

Answer 8

-USSR collapsed in 1991 -china embraced capitalism -'new labour' killed traditional socialism in UK -2007 crash causes resurgence in socialism -as long as there are flaws in capitalism socialism will always ~have a voice

Answer 9

-developed in parallel to UK socialism, particularly in France ~and Italy

Answer 10

-believed capitalism had 'cultural hegemony' -believed in 'cultural vanguard' rather than a 'revolutionary ~vanguard' -believed socialism had to create a 'counter-culture' to ~capitalism -wrote: *'the prison notebooks'

Answer 11

-father of ed and david miliband -wrote: *'the state in capitalist society'

Answer 12

-leave EEC (what would become EU) -abolish house of lords -socialists stand up to capitalism -make labour party more democratic

Answer 13

-marxist BUT NOT LENINIST -founds KPD in germany -leads sparcasist revolt -does not believe in democracy- but does believe it can be ~used to spread the message

Answer 14

belief in overthrowing capitalism peacefully

Answer 15

frundamentalist and revisionist

Answer 16

capitalism must be abolished at all costs

Answer 17

an idea emerges>this becomes dominant thought or 'thesis'>an opposing thought or 'antithesis' emerges>the two conflict with eachother>the result of this conflict is a new idea or 'synthesis'> every time this cycle repeats humanity becomes wiser

Answer 18

communist revolution should have a 'revolutionary vanguard'

Answer 19

-equality is impossible with class structure -capitalism inevitably leads to suffering -must enforce state ownership -complete rejection of live let live capitalism -collectivisation -progressive taxation -regulation of capitalism -nationalisation -power should be redistributed

Answer 20

-formed from the enlightenment -'progressive' -optimistic about humans -believe in equality -reject anarchism and monarchy -similar to liberalism except on capitalism -is emboldened during industrial revolution

Answer 21

-believe economy creates society creates individuals- rather ~than other way around -believe natural state was co-operative and collaborative -believe in abolishing social class -communism would create a utopia -requires equality of outcome

Answer 22

-new right seen as 'iconoclastic' -new right closer to liberalism than conservatism -disagree on how powerful the state should be

Answer 23

-reactionary to other ideologies -more successful in times of crisis

Answer 24

-combination of freemarket economics and traditional values -nationalist -criticises postwar consensus -against welfare state and keynsian economics -arguably most controversial ideology

Answer 25

-response to aftermath of the second world war -primarily european

Answer 26

-judeo-christian morality -hierarchy -socially conservative -sceptical of freemarkets -keynsian economics

Answer 27

-christian democracy more wary of nationalism -prefer supra-national (EU) -focus on localism and communities

Answer 28

AYN RAND -believed in 'objectivism' -quotes *"the small state is the strong state" -wrote *'we are the living' *'atlas shrugged' *'the fountain head' ROBERT NOZICK -father of 'libertarianism' -believed in minimal state -the state is only responsible for law&order-nothing else -wrote *'anarchy state and utopia'

Answer 29

-main objective is to provide security -no liberty without law&order -state proceeds society -prefer uncodified constitution -believe in hierarchies -believe there must be a state to have a culture -a nation is formed by multiple communities

Answer 30

-property rights -begrudging supporters of capitalism

Answer 31

-if population increased faster than food production than it ~would lead to disaster -had a large effect on ecologism -wrote: *'essay on the principle of overpopulation'

Answer 32

-father of modern liberalism -influenced John Rawles -promoted positive liberty and moral development -wrote: *'prolegomena to ethics, lectures to the principles of political ~obligation'

Answer 33

-discovery of CSCs -damage to ozone -fossil fuels leading to global warming

Answer 34

-OPEC countries embargoed west -fragility of oil based economy -impact of science on ecologism

Answer 35

-John Lovelock believed that all living things are inter-connected -'gaia hypothesis' -Arne Ness believed that humans had a connection to nature ~which had been lost after industrial revolution -Fitjof believed that nature too complex for humans to understand

Answer 36

-scientist -wanted to draw attention to impact of pesticides -pointed out impact on human health -argued for rethinking relationship with nature -led to formation of EPA -rejects anthropocentrism -argued environmental damage is self harm -writes *'silent spring'

Answer 37

-believes humans are centre of the world -separate and superior to natural world -nature exists to serve humanity -basis in religion ('be fruitful, fill the earth and subdue it')

Answer 38

-no distinction between humans and nature -all aspects of nature are equal

Answer 39

-put in an internment camp in WW2, but was released due to the ~influence of Keynes, his former economics teacher -worked as an economics advisor to Attlee government (helped ~with creation of welfare state) -later worked in international aid and development office -believed expansion of capitalism was not sustainable -advocated for smaller communities -referred to this as 'buddhist economics' -believed people should desire less -'pasturalist world view'

Answer 40

organising political, social, and economic activity so natural world is in equilibrium

Answer 41

-society consumes too much -advocates for smaller societies -wants self-sufficiency

Answer 42

-everything is interconnected -rejects anthropocentrism -cannot separate parts of nature -comes from Lockheart and Capra -society should reflect this

Answer 43

investment in renewable energy -promoting bio-diversity -nuclear energy -preserving environment -controlling pollution

Answer 44

-montreal protocol (1987) -kyoto protocol (1997) -paris agreement

Answer 45

-sub-field of ethics -examines obligations humans have to nature

Answer 46

-understanding is greater than ever -key topics are part of everyday discourse -almost every government has an environmental plan -electoral success for green parties -significant increase in renewable energy

Answer 47

-rise in climate scepticism (drill, baby, drill!) -global plastic pollution has risen since 2000 -even during covid-19 emissions only dropped 17% -close to 1.5c limit

Answer 48

-optimistic -anti capitalist -biocentric -bonkers

Answer 49

-eco socialism -eco anarchism -eco feminism

Answer 50

believe that only by establishing a communist dictatorship can human society focus on ecologism

Answer 51

socialist states are biggest polluters

Answer 52

-believe both capitalism and the state are responsible -advocate for smaller, self sufficient communes -a key thinker is bookchin

Answer 53

-exploitation of women is similar to exploitation of ~environment -nature is feminine, therefore patriarchy is the cause of ~environmental damage -key thinker: Carolyn merchant *'wrote death of nature' ^believed life was better before industrialisation ^academic background

Answer 54

firm belief in absolutist ecological principles

Answer 55

-not holistic -anthropocentric -does not ask for radical change -green capitalism -focus on reducing emissions and so on -indidefrvidual action -mainstream

Answer 56

environmental problems can be solved with scientific innovation

Answer 57

-deep green ecologist -quote ^"a man cannot cherish his right arm and cut off his left arm"

Answer 58

hobbes- absolute monarchist wrote leviathan believed: "In the state of nature, all men are created equal, but they are also in constant conflict for resources and power...The life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” “Covenants, without the sword, are but words; and of no strength to secure a man at all.” burke- one nation conservative wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France believed: “A state without the means of some change is without the means of its own conservation.” “To be a part of that society is to be a part of an unbroken stream of tradition...”

Answer 59

technocratic ecologist wrote a sand county almanac believed: “Conservation is a state of harmony between men and land.” 'the land ethic'

Answer 60

technocratic ecologist wrote Silent Spring believed “The more I study nature, the more I stand amazed at the work of the Creator.” led to creation of the bad guys from simpsons movie (environmental protection agency)