Politics and Protest

Question 1

Empire Definition:

Answer 1

An extensive territory or number of territories under single domination or control

Question 2

Republic Definition:

Answer 2

A government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them governing according to law

Question 3

Politics and Institutions:

Answer 3

Emergence of state

Set up of modern political practise

Question 4

Federalism:

Answer 4

Increasing centralisation

Feudal systems to state systems

Diffusion of power

Question 5

England:

Answer 5

Richard II onwards – led to War of the Roses

The Tudors – ended the War of the Roses

Henry VII + Henry VIII = greater centralisation of power

Trend across Europe

Question 6

Monarchs:

Answer 6

Personal Monarchy – monarch directly involved in ruling e.g. Henry VII + Henry VIII reign

Absolute Monarchy – all authority and sovereignty vested in a single individual

Constitutional Monarchy – Monarch shares power with a constitutionally organised government

Question 7

France:

Answer 7

Valois – increased unification, centralisation + bureaucracy, separation between hereditary nobles and other nobles

Louis XIV – known as the “Sun King”, associated himself as the state

Question 8

British Isles:

Answer 8

Marriage alliances e.g. Tudors

Henry VIII switched alliances – more Protestant countries

Stuarts – Absolutism, led to the Civil War + Restoration, Glorious Revolution + Constitutional Monarchy

Question 9

Iberian Peninsula (c. 1300):

Answer 9

Lots of states before Charles V reign

1492 – conquered – making Spain Christian

Charles V ruled over united Spain

Charles ruled vast amounts of Europe – Hapsburg Empire 1526 – Charles later abdicated empires

Question 10

Holy Roman Empire:

Answer 10

Unified in 1871

Germany and Austria

Question 11

Republic Definition:

Answer 11

A government in which supreme power resides in a body of citizens entitled to vote and is exercised by elected officers and representatives responsible to them governing according to law

Question 12

Joseph Strayer (1970) ‘On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State’ argued a state is:

Answer 12

Persistent in time

Fixed in spaced

Having permanent, impersonal institutions

Having agreement on the need for an authority with power to make final judgements

Having acceptance of the idea that subjects should give loyalty to that authority

State emerged as most useful

Question 13

Early Modern Communities:

Answer 13

Shepard + Withington = “An expression of collective identity by a group of people”

Community linked to common people by end of the 17th century

Community linked to communications in 18th century

Question 14

The Church:

Answer 14

Corporate identity which to most people would have mattered the most

Most were Christians

Parish – territorial unit within Church

Community of Parish got stronger throughout period

Question 15

Cities and Guilds:

Answer 15

Cities could gain individual charters

City of London given charter in 1067

Awarding of citizenship often provided by Guilds

Guilds had political power (to a point city officials)

Question 16

Networks:

Answer 16

Networks of patronage

Women played a central role in social networks

Question 17

Popular Protest:

Answer 17

Usually in support of traditional ways and traditional political structures e.g. The Pilgrimage of Grace

Usually an attempt to save the monarch from innovators

Lots of popular protest throughout the Early Modern Period

Question 18

Protest Issues - Economic:

Answer 18

Period saw lots of economic changes

Argument period was the start of a capitalist economy

Those that lived off the land could no longer – issue for protest

Urbanisation and Industrialisation ended the importance of Guilds

Widespread poverty due to economic changes – often led to protest

Question 19

Protest Issues - Political:

Answer 19

Greater centralisation meant the breaking down of local level politics – led to protest

Question 20

Protest Issues - Religion:

Answer 20

Changes to religion and tradition led to protest

Question 21

Petitions, marches and riots –

Answer 21

Mainly directed at the monarch

Women often central to these means of protest

Question 22

Characteristics of the Community in the Early Modern Period:

Answer 22

Solidarity

Corporate identity

Non-geographic

Family ties/ social relations

Role for women

Religion

Tradition/Conservative

Local

Question 23

Key historians on Communities in Early Modern England:

Answer 23

Phil Withington and Alexandra Shepard

Question 24

Community definition =

Answer 24

Been appropriated by historians to denote sets of organic, hierarchal and consensual social relations with implicitly conservative undertones

Question 25

Nature of communities in the Early Modern Period:

Answer 25

Between 1450 to 1750 ‘communities’ unravelled and congealed into something more approximate to a stratified, commercialised, rational and centralised society.

Question 26

David Undertone argument:

Answer 26

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries communal ideas and important unifying bonds of still functioning communities were compromised by profoundly unsettling social and economic changes

What was particular about the later sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was an intensified interaction between the locality and the larger society, which drew together provincial communities into a more closely integrated national society and at the same time introduced a new depth and complexity to their local patterns of social stratification

Question 27

1604: Robert Cawdrey =

Answer 27

Community and communion, partake in communities “community was something done as an expression of collective identity by groups of people

Question 28

1616: John Bulloker =

Answer 28

Community as “fellowship in partaking together”

Question 29

Examples of popular protest:

Answer 29

• Bullying and intimidation
• Civil disturbances in the form of riots: localised collective violence of limited duration
• Rebellions: collective violence transcending one locale and enduring for more than a few days
• Local protest: could escalate into rebellion when it gained the leadership of social