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Politics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the pangenesis theory

A

Nurture theory
Changes in the environment cause changes in our genome which are passed down to generation
All somatic cells and organs are continuously contributing to the modification of the term cells
Always the environment

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2
Q

What’s the theory of the continuity of the germ plasm

A

Argues strict separation between somatic cells and germ cells
Environment has no impact
All that matters in the germ line
rediscovered mendels genetics law which supports the nature theory
Gave credibility to the gene pool

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3
Q

Who thought of eugenics

A

Francis Galton in 1883

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4
Q

What dose eugenic mean

A

The improvement of genetic qualities

Aims to use science for human improvement over generations by changing the composition of human populations

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5
Q

What was Francis Galton a eugenics theory

A

To check birth rate of the unfit, instead of allowing them to come into being

Improvement of the race by furthering the productivity of the fit by earlier marriages and healthier rearing children

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6
Q

What is positive eugenics ?

A

Improving the quality of the gene pool
By selecting for traits he found positive and removing anything negative trait he deemed undesirable

Encouraged people with positive eugenics to mate and have children

Desirable trait — high intelligence healthy

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7
Q

What is negative eugenics

A

Prevents the deterioration of the gene pool by optimising desired genes. Preventing the reproduction of the unfit

Immigration restriction
Race
Nationality
Ethnicity

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8
Q

Did religion influence Francis Galton ?

A

In 1883 religion was say and all and be all

If they believe something it wouldn’t be changed by anyone (wouldn’t listen to scientific research which opposed to eugenics belief)

‘Eugenics should become one of the dominant notices in a civilisation much as religion’

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9
Q

What is eugenics as example of ?

A

An example of pseudoscience
When scientific data is hijacked by political agenda

Statement that are based of scientific research but are incompatible with the scientific method

Exaggeration

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10
Q

1932 textbook an eugenics - what was the race theory

A

Debate about different races and appearances

Long head = Nordic
Round head = Asian

Measured peoples head to figure out whether they were ‘worthy’ or the gene pool or not

Racist

Used science to exclude people
No scientific evidence to back this up

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11
Q

Why did people believe eugenics

A

Didn’t have the technology we have now
Didn’t know about recessive allele as they were hidden behind dominant allele

Only see dominant allele

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12
Q

What is the hardy Weinberg equilibrium

A

States that alleles and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary factors

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13
Q

How was eugenics used as a sociological tree

A

Francis Galton was related to both Darwin and wedgewood both famous influential scientists

Used eugenics to proved that keeping in the same gene pool as lead to him becoming a top scientist and influtential scientists

Formed a family tree

Found a connection between the genetic oool and highly intelligent people

Didn’t think it was the environment

Gene pool only

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14
Q

What’s wrong when trying to link intelligence with phenotype

A

Badly defined
Probably more genes involved
Known now that environment plays a role

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15
Q

What did Lamarck think

A

Predecessor of Darwin some say

Theory of acquired characteristics

All life forms arisen from continual process of gradual modification throughout geological history

New traits were developed because of a need created by the environment

Continuous change ((differs from Darwin who believed that the environment chose the environment))

Changes in the gene was due to the environment

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16
Q

Which theory did the theory of acquired characteristics support

A

Panagist theory

And socialist movement (( the environment is impactful) (positive environment will have positive effects))

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17
Q

Give an example of acquired characteristic theory

A

If a giraffe had a short neck at the beginning it adapted to have long necks to reach leaves

(Darwin - giraffes are selected by the environment natural selection)

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18
Q

Is pseudoscience still around

A

Yeh

Political

Business

Media

Even bigger now with the amount of media / advertising

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19
Q

What was the rio de janerio conference about

A

Produce a declaration on environment and development
Look at what we expect from science to impact these two factors

Bringing together as many people as possible

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20
Q

What’s principle 1 of the Rio declaration

A

Entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature

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21
Q

How many declarations did it consist of

A

27

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22
Q

How many countries was the Rio act signed by?

A

175

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23
Q

What’s another name for the Rio declaration

A

Earths summit

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24
Q

What is the precautionary principle

A

Is a strategy for approaching issues of potential harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking.

Emphasises caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous

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25
Q

Principle 3

A

Meet the developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations

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26
Q

Principle 4

A

Environmental protection shall contribute to an integral part of the development process

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27
Q

Principal 5

A

Eradicating poverty

28
Q

Principle 6

A

Priorities the needs of the developing world

29
Q

Principle 7

A

Developed countries acknowledge the responsibility to develop technologies and financial resources

30
Q

Principle 8

A

Reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumptions

31
Q

Principle 9

A

Enhancing the development, adaptation and diffusion of new technology including innovation technologies

32
Q

What needs to be remember about science and political agenda

A

Science changes with demand

1700s food security was an issue — would have given someone a knighthood for growing gm crops if it saved food crisis

1900s food security wasn’t an issue
— refereed to as Frankenstein food ((only used for medical application even the rich get sick ))

33
Q

What was the main problem the Rio declaration was facing?

A

Growing population

34
Q

How was the population expected to grow in 1985 ? Was it accurate

A

World wide population was meant to grow from 4.8 billion in 1985 to 6.1 billion in 2000 and 8.2 in 2025

The prediction for 2000 was accurate therefore safe to assume the 2025 will be accurate too

Europe has a stable population only growing from 0.49 in 1985 to 0.52 in 2025

Asia expected to have the biggest growth. 2025 over half the population will be growing in Asia going from 2.82 in 1985 to 4.54 in 2025

This shows that Asia will be the biggest driver for change. They will be the technology leaders

35
Q

How do you calculate the population supporting capacity number

A

Number of calorie production / minimum calorie production

36
Q

What are the 3 levels of crop production

A

Low tech (no fertiliser, no soil conservation)

Intermediate technology (fertilisers, herbicides some sort conservation)

High technology (genetic engineering, mixing crops and tech)

37
Q

Using population projection in 2000 and calorie intake what was found ?

A

Found that 117 developing countries taken together could produce enough food to feed 1 1/2 their projected population in 2000 even at low tech

Individual countries
— at low tech 64 countries lacked the resources to feed themselves

— at high tech 19 countries lacked the resources to feed themselves (population 100million) ( includes countries which can afford to import all their food, Singapore)

Demonstrates high tech could help food/ pop balance

38
Q

What is calorie intake

A

Average consumption of plant energy
6,000 calories daily (average) ranges from 3,000 to 15,000

Higher if you each meat because You have to incorporate the fact that you had to grow feed, feed the pig, transport the pig then process the pig — a lot more energy is used

39
Q

If calorie intake didn’t change how many people could we feed

A

The potential to feed a little more than 11 billion people

40
Q

It’s likely that the calories intake will change with the increase of money in developing countries, what would happen if the average became 9,000 daily

A

The production would be able to sustain 7.5 billion people

Therefore thEre will be a demand for more land to sustain population growth. Not just technology, peoples attitude toward food intake needs to change

41
Q

What’s the potential hectares we have to work with

A

1.5 billion hectares

42
Q

What’s the average yield per hectare

A

5 tons with the potential of 8 tons (if we can implement more technologies into developing countries)

43
Q

What’s the green revolution

A

Improvements of crop yields in western countries

  • selection of night yielding crop variation
  • large scale farming
  • pesticides and herbicides

1960 Introduction of new lines of high yielding cereal variations in Asia laying America in 1965

1970s breeding and selecting plants which had high yielding plant varieties to disease and predators

44
Q

What’s happening to the growth rate in developing countries and developed countries

A

Developing countries = platoed in developed world between 1977-2001
Significantly decreased in the developing world between 1977-2001

Sown area
Drastically decreased in developed countries between 1977-2001 (due to housing and environmental projects)
Slightly increased in developed countries 1977-2001

45
Q

What are the regulations for introducing a new species

A

New species invading local habitat

  • successful vegetative or sexual reproduction
  • favourable abiotic condition (water, temp, atmosphere)
  • lack of competitors — want maximal propagation
  • lack of predators and disease

Hybridisation

  • extent of pollen production
  • degree of interspecific pollination in cultigen and wild type
  • amount of pollen transported
  • spatial distance between two species
  • compatibility of the 2 genomes

Reversion of cultigens to wild type form
— cause the wild species to grow

Economic and environment effects

  • weed development
  • replacement of local species
  • changes to insect population
  • new toxic metabolites — consumer
46
Q

What’s the risk assessment for the release of trans gene plants

A
  • physical stability of the trans gene (no point introducing if transgene gets lost)
  • expression stability (more of a problem as it’s harder to predict)
  • horizontal gene transfer (rare, only for wind pollinated species) (however has been observed, bentgrass herbicide resistant transgene was found up to 3 miles away from planted region)
  • pleiotropic effects ( changes on one thing which changes another)
  • spread of disease (introducing parts of a virus into the environment) (use ampicillin resistance — bt trans genetically maize)
  • cross pollination (maize have both reproducive parts (tassels)

Toxic effects for consumers or the environment ( link back to starlink)

Vegetative propagation and adaptation to local environment ( don’t want to cause adverse events)

47
Q

Is gm natural

A

No

48
Q

What are the 3 types of classical farming

A

Classic farming with high input of pesticides and fertilisers

Organic farming

Cultivation of transgenic crops

49
Q

What will ever farming have an impact on

A

The environment
Food quality
Cost
Farming structure

50
Q

Classic farming is intensive farming of monocultures what are the environmental impact?

A

Monoculture reduces the biodiversity of crop species

29 species produce 90% of our food out of >10,000 edible species

Large scale farming favours soil erosion

  • soil is one of the biggest limitations to increasing the food production
  • no way to ‘remake’ soil as finding the compositions that occur naturally are hard to do

Insecticides reduce insect population

Stable pesticide accumulation in the food chain with long range effect in birds and mammals
- estimates that 2.2 million people are at risk of pesticide usage
In 2004 — carbofuran pesticide was found in several batches of noodles resulting in one death
Misuse of pesticides is seen more in the developing countries.
Can be transported by wind, water run off or absorbed by the soil
DDT accumulates up the food chain. Was banned in the US and UK. Highly toxic in birds

Fertilisers have severe effects on aquatic ecosystems

51
Q

Monoclonal farming — affects to health

A

Contamination with pesticides, herbicides and their breakdown

  • immune response
  • harsh chemicals = respiratory problems

Agrochemical production risk is fairly high
Bhopal incident caused at least 5,000 deaths
Harsh chemical explosion

52
Q

Monoculture intensive farming - costs

A

Expensive fertiliser and pesticides
Increasing as farmers become more reliable on one herbicide — glyphosate (kills all, easy) increasing number

Favours insect resistance

Favours spread of infection

  • maize infection
  • papa New Guinea papaya

Buying F1 cultures
- seed companies have control

53
Q

Organic farming - risk to environment

A

Manual weed control techniques

  • tilling — can be harmful to ground nesting birds
  • slower productivity

Copper sulphate is toxic to earthworms and fish

Low yield requires large cultivation areas (not favourable due to food/pop crisis)

Bt toxin selective killing may alter distribution of spectrum of insects

2018 report found that organic food production is worse for the climate than conventional farming due to the large area of ground required (account for decreased in developed countries land)
-use a 1/4 more land to grow peas

54
Q

Organic farming - health

A

Contamination of manure with strains of E.coli — 8 times more likely to be infected with E.coli when consume organic food
- hard to regulate manure

Use copper and sulphate and sulphur

Contamination with pathogens and parasite — fungus produces toxins high concentrations are lethal

When plants are attacked they produce toxic compounds
- could be harmful to humans

Allergic reactions etc

55
Q

Organic farming - cost

A

Labour intensive

Variable seasonal yield depends on climate and pathogen population
- could wipe out whole populations devastating effect for farmers

Unpredictable how much they will produce therefore more costly 
Niche market 
Higher price point
Not very good for developing countries 
Won’t be able to feed the world 
Food / pop balance
56
Q

Transgenic cultivation - environmental risk

A

Specific insecticides may cause selective loss of certain species

Specific herbicides can have an impact on insects, fungi and micro O in the soil

Changes farming practices (loss of mixed farming) this could lead to farmers relying on one herbicide (happened in the case of glyphosate and roundup ready)

GM tech may allow crops to be planted in natural habitats (salt marshes) these are pleases where birds go — reduce biodiversity

Valuable resistance gene may be lost for family if they are transferred to wild plants

  • weeds resistance
  • increase herbicide usage
  • hard to control
57
Q

transgenic crops and health risks

A

Allergenic effects of recombinant proteins
(Starlink) — no actual reports but people were quick to jump on it

Secondary effects due to high conc of recombinant proteins — amplifying problematic compounds — bad for the consumer create an imbalance in the consumer — bt toxin FDA found that the toxin wasn’t digested straight away- similar to other allergens

58
Q

Transgenic crops - cost

A

Seed prices will depend on the competitive nature of the market

Monopolisation of seed company — no control over the price
Not good for farmers (especially those in developing countries)) farmers should be the beneficiaries

High price = niche market
Who will pay
People are sceptical (past experience (Savrflavr tomatoes)
Farmers aren’t even sure

59
Q

What does a TD50 value tell you?

A

Daily dose that would cause cancer in 50% or cases

Uses mouse models

60
Q

What’s the pesticide TD50 value for DDT

A

0.0003%

61
Q

What’s the TD50 number for peanut butter

A

0.03%

62
Q

TD50 number for alcohol

A

4.7%

Highest
Much bigger than pesticides

63
Q

What’s the FDA in charge of

A

Considers the safety of food produced from biotech, crops, animals and processe a

64
Q

What does the US department of agriculture do?

A

Review application of approval of biotech seed crops and animals

65
Q

What is the environment protection agency (EPA)

A

Reviews safety of pesticidal proteins in biotech products and monitors field test data on environment

(Wrong about DDT — people disagreed due to it killing malaria spreading pesticides)

Atrazine level — found too high in water becoming a health concern to water animals

Determined that transgenic Bt was less of a rock to monarch butterfly that conventional pesticides

66
Q

How does food labelling differ from the us to the uk

A

The US Labels everything in the product
Technology may not be mention specifically but will mention the transgenic gene

Uk
Needs to state whether it’s gm or not gm

Allows a threshold of 0.6% into the uk without being labels — feed may be gm or gm crops growing near by
- Uk haven’t had gm product since the SavrFlavr tomoato purée

67
Q

What is cosupression

A

When the expression of a introduced gene and the homologous endogenous gene is suppressed

Genetics (6 decks)

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