Politics 303 Flashcards
Whose definition of war is this?:
War is the ‘hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state’
OED, 2019
Whose definition of war is this?:
“War is a contention between two or more States through their armed forces, for the purpose of overpowering each other and imposing such conditions of peace as the victor pleases”.
L. F. L. Oppenheim, 1906: 56
What is Carl von Clausewitz’s definition of War?
“War is the continuation of politics by other means“ (Clausewitz, 1984: 87).
What is Foucault’s definition of Politics?
‘Politics is the continuation of war by others means’ (Foucault, 1997: 48).
How does the Correlates of War Project (J. David Singer) define War?
Defines war as “sustained combat, involving organized armed forces, resulting in a minimum of 1,000 battle-related combatant fatalities within a twelve month period”.
When did ‘The Troubles’ in Northern Ireland begin?
Began in the late 1960s (no agreement as to exact date – somewhere between 1966 and 1969)
When were British troops deployed in Northern Ireland?
August 1969
Who is the author of New and Old Wars?
Mary Kaldor
How is Peace often defined?
Peace is often defined in the negative – as the absence of violence or war.
What did Johan Galtung (1969) argue about the definition of Peace?
Johan Galtung (1969) argued that the negative definition of peace can mask certain forms of harm. Peace may institutionalise certain forms of oppression or exploitation. Peace may mask forms of structural violence and cultural violence.
When did the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan begin?
2001
What was the conflict in Afghanistan in response to?
It was a response to the September 11 attacks, but framed as an intervention to protect women.
How does the OED define violence?
OED defines violence as ‘the deliberate exercise of physical force against a person, property’.
What are three problems of the OED definition of violence?
• Presumes that there is a clearly identifiable agent who performs this violence. • Reduces violence to an intentional and isolated act of physical force. • Political violence would imply that this violence is done for specific reasons or goals.
How is Dehumanisation defined?
• Shared moral view that human beings are of equal value or worth. • Supposed to provide some form of protection against violence – human rights. • Delegitimise the actions of others by presenting them as inhuman. • Justify violence by denying the victim’s humanity or by casting them as a threat to humanity. • Overcome innate aversion to inflicting pain on another human being.
Who wrote ‘On Killing’?
Lt. Col. Dave Grossman
In which years was the war in War in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
War in Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1992-1995.
How many estimated casualties of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina?
Estimating casualties is contentious but RDC confirmed at least 97,207 deaths.
What was the ethnic split of Bosnia-Herzegovina?
43.7 percent Muslim, 31.4 percent Serbs, 17.3 percent Croat.
How did the First World War start?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in 1914. Austria-Hungary issued a ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia, which was partially rejected. So Austria-Hungary declared war, triggering a series of events that resulted in the First World War.
What is the view on conflict of the Classical Realists?
Classical realists argued that conflict rooted in human nature and emphasis on self-help.
What is the view on conflict of the Structural Realists?
Structural realists less concerned with the causes of specific war. Focused on the permissive conditions of the international system.
What did Thomas Hobbes argue about Human Nature?
Thomas Hobbes (1651) argued the state of nature was characterised endemic violence. War against all in which life would be ‘nasty, brutish and short’.
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau argue about Human Nature?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that human beings essentially peaceful and reasonable. People become violent as a result of society.
When did the conflict begin in Colombia?
Low-intensity conflict began in the mid-1960s. Military began attacking peasant communities in the 1960s on security grounds. Some argue that the conflict dates back to agrarian disputes in the 1920s. Assassination of populist leader in 1948 led to urban riots and rural warfare – La Violencia.
Whose definition of war is this?
War is the ‘hostile contention by means of armed forces, carried on between nations, states, or rulers, or between parties in the same nation or state; the employment of armed forces against a foreign power, or against an opposing party in the state’
OED (2019)
