POL 303 Quiz Two Flashcards
Who coined the term ‘Genocide’?
Raphael Lemkin, 1943 (a Jewish lawyer from Poland)
What is the etymology of the word ‘genocide’?
“genos” (Greek: race or tribe) + “cide” (Latin: to kill)
How is genocide defined by the OED?
‘The deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic or national group’
How does the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) define Genocide?
Any ‘acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group’
Who said “Those who should use the word genocide never let it slip their mouths. Those who unfortunately do use it, banalise it into a validation of every kind of victimhood”?
Michael Ignatieff
Who defined genocide as ‘…the deliberate destruction of physical life of individual human beings by reason of their membership of any human collectivity as such’?
Pieter N. Drost (1959)
Who defined genocide as ‘…any act that puts the very existence of a group in jeopardy’?
Helen Fein (1988)
Who defined genocide as ‘…a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus’?
Irving Louis Horowitz (1996)
What does the word ‘Holocaust’ mean?
A sacrificial offering consumed by fire
What does the word ‘Holodomor’ refer to?
The Ukrainian famine-extermination under the USSR in 1932-33
What does the word ‘Naqba’ refer to?
Arabic for catastrophe – used to describe the displacement of the Palestinians
How is ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ defined? (OED)
‘The purging, by mass expulsion or killing, of one ethnic or religious group by another, esp. from an area of former cohabitation’
What is the difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide?
Ethnic cleansing is intended to displace a persecuted population from a given territory. Genocide refers to attempts to destroy them entirely.
Besides the Holocaust, which other events are classified as genocide?
Armenian Genocide (1915-1920), Rwandan Genocide (1994), Srebrenica (1995)
Which events are contested as genocide?
Atlantic slave trade (16th – 19th Century); Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug 1945); Stolen Generations in Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children removed from families);
What are some other examples of genocide?
Destruction of indigenous peoples by European settlers; Systematic extermination of over one millions Armenians by the Ottoman Empire (1914 – 1923); Gulags and mass famine under Stalin; Mass killing of landlords under Mao; Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge (1975 – 1979)
When were Jews stopped of citizenship?
Nuremberg Laws of 1935
When was the Rwandan genocide?
1994
How many people were killed in the Rwandan genocide?
800,000 people killed in just 100 days
Who was the targeted Rwandan minority?
Hutu extremists targeted Tutsi minority and moderate Hutu
Who lead the international peacekeeping force in Rwanda?
General Romeo Dallaire
What was the scale of rape and sexual assault in the Rwandan genocide?
Up to half a million men, women, and children were raped or sexually assaulted
When was the war in Bosnia?
1992 – 1995
What caused the war in Bosnia?
Caused by the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s
Who identified psychological motivations, including narcissism, greed, fear and humiliation, as a cause of genocide?
Adam Jones (2016)
Who identified the sociological dimension, including scientific racism, bureaucratic rationalization, and technological advancements, as a cause of genocide?
Zygmunt Bauman (1989)
Who identified the anthropological dimension – the ritualistic purging of society and creation of new identities – as a cause of genocide?
Adam Jones (2016)
Who identified genocide as often following periods of political upheaval, normally perpetrated by authoritarian states?
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr (1988)
Who identified the existence of deep divisions within plural societies as a factor in genocide?
Leo Kuper (1981)
Rationalists argue that genocide is the product of…
Strategic decisions (Valentino, 2004)
What are some examples of recent or ongoing genocides?
The Rohingya in Myanmar; Nuer and other ethnic groups in South Sudan; Christians and Yazidis in Iraq and Syria; Christians and Muslims in the Central African Republic; Darfuris in Sudan
Who said ‘Wherever armed conflicts have been fought on the land, women have been raped’?
Susan Brownmiller (1995)
What were ‘Comfort women’?
Women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army before and during WWII
What was the Rape of Nanjing?
The mass murder (40k – 300k) and mass rape (20k women & children) committed by Imperial Japanese troops over six weeks in 1937-1938
How many women were raped by Red Army soldiers in occupied Germany?
Red Army soldiers believed to have raped two million women in occupied Germany. Some victims raped repeatedly, as many as 60 to 70 times
How many women and children were raped, mutilated, or murdered in Rwanda?
Up to 500,000
How many women were raped by American GIs during WWII?
Robert Lilly (2007) estimates 14,000 women were raped by American GIs during WWII
Who suggested sexual violence was common during the Vietnam War?
Nick Turse (2013)
What document defined rape as ‘The perpetrator invaded the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body’?
The Explanatory Note of the Rome Statute (1998) – International Criminal Court
Who defined rape as ‘any violence, physical or psychological, carried out through sexual means or by targeting sexuality’?
UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (1998)
Which UN Security Council Resolution recognises sexual violence as an instrument of war?
Resolution 1820 (2008)
Which recent UN resolution combats rape in conflict?
UNSCR 2467 (United Nations Security Council Resolution)
Why was UNSCR 2467 criticised?
It excluded references to sexual and reproductive health after opposition from the US. Seen as a massive step backwards in terms of preventing sexual violence in war.
Who said ‘The idea that rape is part of a conscious process which guarantees certain configurations of power is a recurrent theme in academic, activist, and policy literature’?
Paul Kirby (2018)
Feminist theory on rape includes:
Rape as a weapon; Sexual violence not a manifestation of sexuality but an act of power; Reaffirms power and control, contributes to the continued subjection and subordination of women; Product of broader patriarchal relations;
What groups tend to be the main perpetrators of rape in war?
State security services are more often responsible than insurgent groups (Cohen, 2016)
Who criticised the notion of rape as a weapon of war?
Sara Meger (2016)
Who said of rape as a weapon of war ‘Such a homogenized view of sexual violence in conflict obscures the contextually specific social, cultural, political, and economic determinants that inform the conflict and give meaning to this violence’?
Sara Meger (2016)
What approach to wartime rape does Sara Meger focus on?
The political economy of wartime rape. Multiple levels of interaction, from individual to institutional. Sexual violence affected by political, economic and social structures.
What percentage of recorded rape cases in the DRC were perpetrated by the Army?
54%
When did the series of conflicts in the DRC begin?
1997
How many deaths were there in the Bosnian war?
Over 100,000
How long was the siege of Sarajevo?
Nearly 4 years – the longest in history of modern warfare.
Who laid siege to Sarajevo?
Bosnian Serb forces encircled the city and bombarded it.
How many people were killed during the siege of Sarajevo?
Nearly 14,000 people were killed during the siege, including nearly 5,500 civilians.
How many lives have been lost in the conflict in Syria?
Around 500,000 lives have been lost.
How many people have been displaced by the war in Syria?
Around 7.6m displaced internally, and 5m refugees have fled.
Who defines humanitarian as ‘Concerned with humanity as a whole; spec. seeking to promote human welfare as a primary or pre-eminent good; acting, or disposed to act, on this basis rather than for pragmatic or strategic reasons’?
OED
Who defines intervention as ‘The action of intervening, ‘stepping in’, or interfering in any affair, so as to affect its course or issue. Now frequently applied to the interference of a state or government in the domestic affairs or foreign relations of another country’?
OED
Who defines humanitarian intervention as ‘intervention in the affairs of a foreign state for the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare and rights of its inhabitants; spec. (a) military intervention by one or more states aimed at addressing serious human rights violations in another’?
OED?
Who defines humanitarian intervention as ‘the threat or use of force across state borders by a state (or group of states) aimed at preventing or ending widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than its own citizens, without the permission of the state within whose territory force is applied’?
J.L. Holzgrefe (2005)
Who defines humanitarian intervention as ‘Action taken against a state or its leaders, without its or their consent, for purposes which are claimed to be humanitarian or protective… including all forms of preventive measures, and coercive intervention measures – sanctions and criminal prosecutions – falling short of military intervention’?
International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS, 2005)
Which agreement enshrined the principle of state sovereignty?
The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
What did the UN Charter (1945) include in regards state sovereignty?
Codified the principle of state sovereignty; Article 2(1) recognises the sovereign equality of all members; Article 2(4) prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity of another state; Article 2(7) prevents the UN from intervening in the domestic matters of states.
Which UN Secretary General proposed a new concept of sovereignty?
Kofi Annan (Aim of UN Charter was to protect individual rights, not those who abuse them – 1999)
When was the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) established?
2001
Who criticised ICISS due to ambiguities around the threshold for intervention?
Alex Bellamy (2006)
Who criticised ICISS due to the lack of explanation as to how the principle will be enforced?
David Berman (2007)
Who criticised ICISS as justifying western intervention in non-western states?
David Chandler (2004)
Who criticised ICISS as a new form of ‘military humanism’ to justify enormous defence budgets?
Noam Chomsky (1999)
Who criticises and explores the ‘heroic narratives’ of ‘muscular humanitarianism’?
Anne Orford (1999)
Who saw failure to intervene in Rwanda seen as a massive abdication of responsibility?
Power (2002)
When was the Kosovo war?
1998–1999
When did NATO intervene in Kosovo and why?
Operation Allied Force in Kosovo in 1999 – as a humanitarian intervention
When did the UN authorise military intervention to protect civilians?
2011
Who was the Sri Lankan Civil War between and when did it end?
The government and LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam). Ended in 2009.
What is ‘a complete cessation of hostilities and all acts of armed violence… until a final peaceful settlement is achieved’ defined as?
An Armistice
Who said ‘What constitutes a war “ending” is itself a tricky question’?
Ramsbotham et al (2016)
What is the minimal definition of a war ‘ending’?
‘fewer than twenty-five battle-related deaths occur in the following year’ (Wallensteen, 2007)
When was the Good Friday Agreement signed?
1998
When was the Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty signed?
1258 BC
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1918
What is the General framework for thinking about conflict transformation?
1) Context transformation; 2) Structural transformation; 3) Actor transformation; 4) Issue transformation; 5) Personal and group transformation
Who said conflicts are ‘ripe’ for settlement due to a ‘hurting stalemate’?
Zartman (2000)
Who said conflicts are ‘ripe’ for settlement due to an ‘enticing opportunity’?
Ramsbotham et al (2016)
What issues have Rational choice theorists identified with peace agreements?
Parties may underestimate the costs and overestimate the benefits of continued fighting; Seeking to recover ‘sunk costs’ by prolonging the war; Unsure whether they can trust their opponents (prisoner’s dilemma).
What are ‘… factions which reject the terms of the proposed settlement but are not against a settlement in principle’?
Sceptics
What are those who ‘… are fundamentally opposed to any agreement and attempt to wreck it’ called?
Spoilers (Ramsbotham et al, 2016)
Who defined Peacekeeping as ‘The deployment of a United Nations presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all the parties concerned, normally involving United Nations military and/or police personnel and frequently civilians as well. Peacekeeping is an activity that expands the possibilities for both the prevention of conflict and the making of peace’?
Boutros-Ghali (1992)
When did UN peacekeeping operations come to the fore?
1950s
When was UNTSO (United Nations Truce Supervision Organization) deployed to Israel?
1948
When was UNMOGIP (United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan) sent to monitor relations between India and Pakistan?
1951
Until the mid-1990s, UN peacekeeping operations hinged on which five principles?
1) Consent; 2) Political neutrality; 3) Impartiality; 4) Non-use of force; 5) Legitimacy
How many peacekeeping operations were deployed during the Cold War?
13
When did UN peacekeeping operations undergo a swift and unexpected change?
During the 1990s. Deployments more frequent and more complex as the UN was less paralysed. Began to wane toward end of 1990s.
How many peacekeeping missions are listed by the UNDPKO?
UNDPKO listed 16 missions ongoing in 2014, made up of 98,071 troops.
When did the insurgency in Mali break out?
Insurgency broke out in 2012, mix of ethnic separatists and militant groups linked to al-Qaeda.
When did the UN establish the MINUSMA (Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission) in Mali?
2013
What is EUTM?
European Union Training Mission
What is MISAHEL?
Mission de l’Union africaine pour le Mali et le Sahel
When was the UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC) established?
2005
Who warned about the dangers of imposing a pre-defined blueprint in Peacebuilding?
Oliver Richmond (2008)
Who said peacebuilding needs to allow ‘for the negotiation of a discursive practice of peace in which hegemony, domination and oppression are identified and resolved’?
Oliver Richmond (2008)
Who warned that peacebuilding is becoming a technocratic, checkbox exercise?
Roger Mac Ginty (2006)
What are the three different types of peace building identified by Heathershaw (2008)?
1) Conservative order-stability based variant; 2)
Orthodox liberal peacebuilding model; 3)
Justice-emancipatory variant.
What is a Hybrid Peace?
A Form of peacebuilding that emerges from the bottom-up. Institutions still play an important part but must rest on the engagement and consent of the grassroots.
Who said Hybrid Peace should nurture cultures of peace that exist in the midst of war?
Nordstrom (1992)
Who said Hybrid Peace needs to develop cultures and structures of peace from the ground up?
John Paul Ledearch (1995)
What does DDR stand for?
Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programs.
Who warned of the danger of DDR being treated as a ‘magic bullet’?
Muggah (2005)
What does WPS stand for?
Women, Peace and Security agenda – attempt by UN to recognise importance of women in peace process.
Who noted that the WPS recognised the importance of women to the peace process, but continued to reproduce gendered assumptions about their role in conflict?
Shepherd (2009)
When was the UN Transition Assistance Group created?
1978
When was the UN Transition Assistance Group created?
Part of the Namibian Settlement Proposal in 1978. Mandated to ensure early independence through free and fair elections under supervision and control of the UN.
When were the Dayton Accords signed?
Signed in 1995, ending the Bosnian War.
Who defined Peacebuilding as the ‘project for overcoming structural and cultural violence (conflict transformation), in conjunction with peacemaking (conflict settlement) and peacekeeping (conflict containment)’?
Ramsbotham et al (2016)
Who defined Nationbuilding as the ‘enterprise of forging a national identity out of the diverse populations that made up many of the newer states so that citizenship would transcend subordinate loyalties’?
Ramsbotham et al (2016)
Who defined Statebuilding as the ‘attempt to (re)build self-sustaining institutions of governance capable of delivering the essential public goods required to underpin perceived legitimacy and what it is hoped will eventually become an enduring peace’?
Ramsbotham et al (2016)
What are the three phases of Postwar reconstruction efforts?
1) Immediate security concerns and humanitarian needs; 2) Stabilisation; 3) Normalisation
What UN document sought to be postwar reconstruction and peacebuilding on the agenda?
United Nations Agenda for Peace (Boutros-Ghali, 1992)
Who described the Liberal Peace as ‘The central tenet of this paradigm is the assumption that the surest foundation for peace… is market democracy, that is, a liberal domestic polity and a market-oriented economy’?
Roland Paris (1997)
When was the (first) Gulf War?
1990 - 1991. Operation Desert Shield and Operation Desert Storm were in response to Iraq’s invasion and annexation of Kuwait.
When was the invasion of Iraq (‘Iraq War’ / second Gulf War)?
Operation Iraqi Freedom began on 20 March 2003
Who commented on the invasion of Iraq that ‘The result was a troubled and increasingly insecure country in which insurgency, lawlessness and sectarian conflict claimed growing numbers of Iraqi lives, in addition to taking a mounting toll of the occupation forces [and civilians]’?
Tripp (2007)
Who said that the success of postwar reconstruction efforts ‘depends heavily on its legitimacy in the eyes of the domestic population’?
Ramsbotham et al (2016)
