POL 303 Quiz Two Flashcards
Who coined the term ‘Genocide’?
Raphael Lemkin, 1943 (a Jewish lawyer from Poland)
What is the etymology of the word ‘genocide’?
“genos” (Greek: race or tribe) + “cide” (Latin: to kill)
How is genocide defined by the OED?
‘The deliberate and systematic extermination of an ethnic or national group’
How does the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) define Genocide?
Any ‘acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group’
Who said “Those who should use the word genocide never let it slip their mouths. Those who unfortunately do use it, banalise it into a validation of every kind of victimhood”?
Michael Ignatieff
Who defined genocide as ‘…the deliberate destruction of physical life of individual human beings by reason of their membership of any human collectivity as such’?
Pieter N. Drost (1959)
Who defined genocide as ‘…any act that puts the very existence of a group in jeopardy’?
Helen Fein (1988)
Who defined genocide as ‘…a structural and systematic destruction of innocent people by a state bureaucratic apparatus’?
Irving Louis Horowitz (1996)
What does the word ‘Holocaust’ mean?
A sacrificial offering consumed by fire
What does the word ‘Holodomor’ refer to?
The Ukrainian famine-extermination under the USSR in 1932-33
What does the word ‘Naqba’ refer to?
Arabic for catastrophe – used to describe the displacement of the Palestinians
How is ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ defined? (OED)
‘The purging, by mass expulsion or killing, of one ethnic or religious group by another, esp. from an area of former cohabitation’
What is the difference between ethnic cleansing and genocide?
Ethnic cleansing is intended to displace a persecuted population from a given territory. Genocide refers to attempts to destroy them entirely.
Besides the Holocaust, which other events are classified as genocide?
Armenian Genocide (1915-1920), Rwandan Genocide (1994), Srebrenica (1995)
Which events are contested as genocide?
Atlantic slave trade (16th – 19th Century); Hiroshima & Nagasaki (Aug 1945); Stolen Generations in Australia (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children removed from families);
What are some other examples of genocide?
Destruction of indigenous peoples by European settlers; Systematic extermination of over one millions Armenians by the Ottoman Empire (1914 – 1923); Gulags and mass famine under Stalin; Mass killing of landlords under Mao; Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge (1975 – 1979)
When were Jews stopped of citizenship?
Nuremberg Laws of 1935
When was the Rwandan genocide?
1994
How many people were killed in the Rwandan genocide?
800,000 people killed in just 100 days
Who was the targeted Rwandan minority?
Hutu extremists targeted Tutsi minority and moderate Hutu
Who lead the international peacekeeping force in Rwanda?
General Romeo Dallaire
What was the scale of rape and sexual assault in the Rwandan genocide?
Up to half a million men, women, and children were raped or sexually assaulted
When was the war in Bosnia?
1992 – 1995
What caused the war in Bosnia?
Caused by the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s
Who identified psychological motivations, including narcissism, greed, fear and humiliation, as a cause of genocide?
Adam Jones (2016)
Who identified the sociological dimension, including scientific racism, bureaucratic rationalization, and technological advancements, as a cause of genocide?
Zygmunt Bauman (1989)
Who identified the anthropological dimension – the ritualistic purging of society and creation of new identities – as a cause of genocide?
Adam Jones (2016)
Who identified genocide as often following periods of political upheaval, normally perpetrated by authoritarian states?
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr (1988)
Who identified the existence of deep divisions within plural societies as a factor in genocide?
Leo Kuper (1981)
Rationalists argue that genocide is the product of…
Strategic decisions (Valentino, 2004)
What are some examples of recent or ongoing genocides?
The Rohingya in Myanmar; Nuer and other ethnic groups in South Sudan; Christians and Yazidis in Iraq and Syria; Christians and Muslims in the Central African Republic; Darfuris in Sudan
Who said ‘Wherever armed conflicts have been fought on the land, women have been raped’?
Susan Brownmiller (1995)
What were ‘Comfort women’?
Women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army before and during WWII
What was the Rape of Nanjing?
The mass murder (40k – 300k) and mass rape (20k women & children) committed by Imperial Japanese troops over six weeks in 1937-1938
How many women were raped by Red Army soldiers in occupied Germany?
Red Army soldiers believed to have raped two million women in occupied Germany. Some victims raped repeatedly, as many as 60 to 70 times
How many women and children were raped, mutilated, or murdered in Rwanda?
Up to 500,000
How many women were raped by American GIs during WWII?
Robert Lilly (2007) estimates 14,000 women were raped by American GIs during WWII
Who suggested sexual violence was common during the Vietnam War?
Nick Turse (2013)
What document defined rape as ‘The perpetrator invaded the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any other part of the body’?
The Explanatory Note of the Rome Statute (1998) – International Criminal Court
Who defined rape as ‘any violence, physical or psychological, carried out through sexual means or by targeting sexuality’?
UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (1998)
Which UN Security Council Resolution recognises sexual violence as an instrument of war?
Resolution 1820 (2008)
Which recent UN resolution combats rape in conflict?
UNSCR 2467 (United Nations Security Council Resolution)
Why was UNSCR 2467 criticised?
It excluded references to sexual and reproductive health after opposition from the US. Seen as a massive step backwards in terms of preventing sexual violence in war.
Who said ‘The idea that rape is part of a conscious process which guarantees certain configurations of power is a recurrent theme in academic, activist, and policy literature’?
Paul Kirby (2018)
Feminist theory on rape includes:
Rape as a weapon; Sexual violence not a manifestation of sexuality but an act of power; Reaffirms power and control, contributes to the continued subjection and subordination of women; Product of broader patriarchal relations;
What groups tend to be the main perpetrators of rape in war?
State security services are more often responsible than insurgent groups (Cohen, 2016)
Who criticised the notion of rape as a weapon of war?
Sara Meger (2016)
Who said of rape as a weapon of war ‘Such a homogenized view of sexual violence in conflict obscures the contextually specific social, cultural, political, and economic determinants that inform the conflict and give meaning to this violence’?
Sara Meger (2016)
What approach to wartime rape does Sara Meger focus on?
The political economy of wartime rape. Multiple levels of interaction, from individual to institutional. Sexual violence affected by political, economic and social structures.
What percentage of recorded rape cases in the DRC were perpetrated by the Army?
54%
