Comms 100 Flashcards
What is defined as “helping us make sense of the world by making some things visible and other things invisible”?
Media
What is defined as “helping us decide which events, ideas, places and people are more important (or ‘salient’) than others”?
Media
What is it that “provides frameworks for us to form our tastes, our values, and our identities”
Media
What is the process by which content and meanings are generated?
Mediation
The technical features and constraints of the medium shape / affect / mediate what?
Meanings
The conventions of the medium such as genre/format shape / affect / mediate what?
Meanings
The contexts in which meanings are made and circulated shape / affect / mediate what?
Meanings
Who defined mediation as ‘Mediation… describes the fundamentally, but unevenly, dialectical process in which institutionalized media of communication… are involved in the general circulation of symbols in social life.’?
Roger Silverstone
‘Mediation is [What?] because while it is perfectly possible to privilege those mass media as defining and perhaps even determining social meanings, such privileging would miss the continuous and often creative engagement that listeners and viewers have with the products of mass communication.
Dialectical
The “power to work with, or against, the dominant or deeply entrenched meanings that the media provide is… “?
“… unevenly distributed across and within societies”
What does ‘contestation’ refer to?
That media are sites of conflict
What is “the meaning and value systems which provide
individuals with the specific connotation they read into texts”?
Mythology
What does ““Mythologies are the cultural narratives that make material available for the process of encoding/decoding, which in turn work invisibly because mythologies have a taken for granted dimension” refer to?
How signification works within cultural contexts
What is “the process by which the media present to
us the ‘real world’”?
Representation
Who said ‘How anything is represented is the means by which we think and feel about that thing, by which we apprehend it.’?
Richard Dyer
What is “the process by which a media text represents an idea, issue, or event to us”?
Mediation
What is “A set of ideas shared by a group, community or society”?
Ideology
What is “A set of ideas through which a group, community or society reproduces itself”?
Ideology
What is “A set of ideas shared by a society that benefits or advances the interests of a specific group in that society”?
Ideology
Representation and ideology are therefore linked to analyses of what?
Power
What refers to the ruling of the most powerful?
Hegemony
What does “When definitions and ways of being of the powerful are naturalized and made to seem normal, they are presented to everyone as if no other definitions are possible – in other words as ‘common sense” refer to?
Hegemony
Media re(produce) what?
Hegemonic discourses
What is “a condition, episode, person or group of people emerges to become defined as a threat to societal values and interests”?
Moral Panic
What are the five stages of moral panics?
1) Something or someone is defined as a threat; 2) Threat is depicted in a stylised and stereotypical way; 3) Rapid build-up of public concern (news); 4) Response from authorities or opinion makers; 5) The panic recedes or results in social changes
Anxieties about youth subculture, video games, or social media can result in?
Moral panics
What are five problems with moral panics?
One dimensional; Vilifies media consumption; Condemns youth culture; Erasing societal causes for problems and conflicts within a society; Moral panics often imagine a passive and helpless audience
What does “how words and images are systematically used to communicate cultural and political meanings, in texts such as advertisements, magazines, films, or TV programs.” refer to?
Myth
What methodology is used to study myth?
Semiotics
What does “the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation” refer to?
Semiotics
What does “a system of beliefs or a set of ideas that both constitute a general worldview and uphold particular power dynamics” refer to?
Ideology
Why are media are particularly significant in the context of Ideology?
The stories they tell and the belief systems they promote can be powerful amplifiers of particular ideologies.
What does “the way journalists and news producers within the mass media in the select which of many events and stories to be reported and how they are covered”? refer to?
Media bias
What does “a type of journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional news media (print and broadcast) or online social media” refer to?
Fake news (also called junk news or pseudo-news)
What does “the judging and debating social collective” refer to?
The Public Sphere
What does “an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action” refer to?
The Public Sphere
What is “a commonly understood cultural or emotional association that some word or phrase carries, in addition to its explicit or literal meaning, which is its denotation”?
Connotation
What is “a translation of a sign to its meaning, precisely to its literal meaning, more or less like dictionaries try to define it”?
Denotation
In semiotics, what “arises when the denotative relationship between a signifier and its signified is inadequate to serve the needs of the community.”
Connotation
What is a way to describe people or ideas that become—and seek to remain—dominant in society?
Hegemony
What “the reconciliation of two opposing forces within a given society by a mediating object” refer to?
Mediation
What is the central mediating factor of a given culture?
The medium of communication itself.
What is the term for “how channels and networks try to hold their audience from program to program, or from one segment of a program to another.”?
Flow
Who came up with the concept of ‘Flow’?
Raymond Williams (1974)
What is the term for “how something is presented to the audience that influences the choices people make about how to process that information.”?
Framing
What is term for the angle or perspective from which a news story is told?
Frame
What is the term for a socially constructed community (such as a nation), imagined by the people who perceive themselves as part of that group?
Imagined Community
What is the term for the commodification of personal information?
Surveillance Capitalism
The term for what is often called ‘Newsworthiness’ in news journalism is a broadly agreed set of… what?
Values (i.e. News Values)
What is the term for a feeling of fear spread among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society?
Moral Panic
What is the term coined by Graeme Turner to describe the increasing visibility of the ‘ordinary person’ in the media today?
‘Demotic turn’
What term refers to ‘everyday’ individual’s willingness to turn themselves into media content?
‘Demotic turn’
What word means ordinary colloquial speech, i.e. the kind of language used by ordinary people?
Demotic
What is the term for a system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs, but its internal workings are “opaque”?
Black box
What term describes “the tendency of separate media technologies, cultural forms, and/or social practices to come together to perform similar functions and make new hybrid media systems”?
Convergence
What term describes a type of non-physical violence manifested in the power differential between social groups?
Symbolic Violence
What term refers to transformation of ordinary people and public figures into celebrities?
Celebrification
What term refers to the meta-process that grasps the changing nature, as well as the societal and cultural embedding of celebrity?
Celebritisation
What three forces are driving celebritization?
Mediatization, Personalization and Commodification.
What is the term for “a subculture composed of fans characterized by a feeling of empathy and camaraderie with others who share a common interest”?
Fandom
People communicate through symbols, like words or images, that stand for other things. What is the term for this “standing for” in communication?
Representation
What is the term for “the process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of machine learning, statistics, and database systems”?
Data mining
What is the term that refers to “any activity involving or related to music performance, such as performing, listening, rehearsing, or composing”?
Musicking
What term describes the “ability (of the news media) to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda”?
Agenda Setting
What is the name of the reductionist theory that assumes that a society’s technology determines the development of its social structure and cultural values?
Technological determinism
What is the term that refers to “the extension of Internet connectivity into physical devices and everyday objects”?
The Internet of Things
What term refers to interactions that take place through a broadcast platform, whether spoken or written, in which the communication is oriented to a non-present reader, listener or viewer?
Discourse
What term refers to a state of intellectual isolation that allegedly can result from algorithmic filtering?
Filter bubble
What term describes work carried out that is intended to produce or modify emotional experiences in people?
Affective labor
What term refers to a political culture in which debate is framed largely by appeals to emotion disconnected from the details of policy, and by the repeated assertion of talking points to which factual rebuttals are ignored?
Post-truth era
What term refers to the press and news media both in explicit capacity of advocacy and implicit ability to frame political issues?
Fourth Estate
Who said “The news is a part of society’s talk about itself which helps produce a shared social reality.”?
Donald Matheson
In reference to News, who said “the frames through which we apprehend or, indeed, fail to apprehend the lives of others as lost or injured (lose-able or injure- able) are politically saturated. They are themselves operations of power”?
Judith Butler (2009)
