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AP Human Geography > Political Vocabulary - Unit 5 > Flashcards

Political Vocabulary - Unit 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Annexation

A

To incorporate (territory) into an existing political unit such as a country, state, county, or city. This often occurs when combining two or more specific boundaries to create a larger state.

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

A legal system that was the physical separation of different races into different geographic areas.

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3
Q

Balkanization

A

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

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4
Q

Border landscapes

A

There are two types: Exclusionary and Inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade.

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5
Q

Definitional Boundary Disputes

A

Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract.

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6
Q

Locational Boundary Disputes

A

A boundary dispute over the physical location

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7
Q

Operational Boundary Disputes

A

A boundary dispute over how the boundary ought to function.

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8
Q

Allocational Boundary Disputes

A

A dispute over the right to resources

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9
Q

Antecedent Boundary origin

A

Certain boundaries were delimited before the present-day human landscape was developed.

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10
Q

Subsequent Boundary origin

A

A boundary that is established after the settlement in that area occurred. It developed with the evolution of the culture of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes.

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11
Q

Superimposed Boundary origin

A

A political boundary placed by powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape.

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12
Q

Relic Boundary origin

A

A boundary that has ceased to function but can still be detected on the cultural landscape.

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13
Q

Definition Boundary process

A

Legal document or treaty drawn up to specify actual point on a landscape where a political boundary exists

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14
Q

Delimitation Boundary process

A

Delimited boundaries are drawn on a map.

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15
Q

Demarcation Boundary process

A

Demarcated boundaries are identified by physical objects, like walls, signs, and fences.

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16
Q

Natural/physical Boundary

A

A boundary based on the geographical features of the Earth’s surface.

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17
Q

Ethnographic/cultural Boundary

A

A boundary based on ethnographic and cultural considerations, such as language and religion.

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18
Q

Geometric Boundary

A

A boundary created by using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs.

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19
Q

Buffer state

A

A country lying between two rival or potentially hostile greater powers, which by its sheer existence is though to prevent conflict between them.

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20
Q

Centrifugal

A

A force that divides people and countries.

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21
Q

Centripetal

A

Forces from within a state unite it and keep the country together.

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22
Q

City-state

A

A sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside.

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23
Q

Colonialism

A

The process by which one nation exercises near complete control over another country which they have settled and taken over. Often, the governing country uses the colony for its resources, taking what is useful without regard to the original inhabitants.

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24
Q

Confederation

A

A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose.

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25
Q

Conference of Berlin (1884)

A

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa.

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26
Q

Core/periphery model

A

Shows spatially how economic, political, and cultural authority is dispersed in core or dominant regions and the surrounding peripheral and semi-peripheral regions.

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27
Q

Decolonization

A

The action of changing from colonial to independent status.

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28
Q

Devolution

A

The transfer of power from one central government to many local or regional governments, like the Fall of the Soviet Union.

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29
Q

Domino theory

A

The political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

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30
Q

EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

A

A seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.

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31
Q

Electoral regions

A

Different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.

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32
Q

Enclave/exclave

A

An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country and an exclave is a country which is geographically separated from the main part.

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33
Q

Ethnic conflict

A

A war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources. Ethnic conflict often includes genocide. It can also be caused by boundary disputes.

34
Q

European Union

A

A union of some European countries that is based to promote development within the member states through economic cooperation.

35
Q

Federal

A

A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests.

36
Q

Forward capital

A

A symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state.

37
Q

Frontier

A

A zone where no state exercises complete political control.

38
Q

Geopolitics

A

The study of the interplay between international political relations and the territorial/environmental context in which they occur.

39
Q

Gerrymander

A

The process wherein political officials redraw electoral districts to favor a certain political party, ethnic group, coalition, or social class.

40
Q

Global commons

A

Contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society of all life.

41
Q

Heartland/rimland theories

A

The heartland theory established by Halford Mackinder suggests that whoever owns the heartland of Eastern Europe will control the world. The rimland theory developed by Nicholas Spykman suggests that sea power is more valuable and that alliances will keep the heartland in check.

42
Q

Immigrant states

A

A type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants.

43
Q

Iron Curtain

A

Phrase that describes the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe.

44
Q

Irredentism

A

A political movement that is strongly tied to nationalism. It is a political movement that intends to reunite a nation or reclaim a lost territory. This was a particularly powerful force in European history from 1850 to 1945, during the height of European nationalist fervor.

45
Q

Landlocked

A

A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.

46
Q

Law of the Sea

A

A body of customs, treaties, and international agreements by which governments maintain order, productivity, and peaceful relations on the sea.

47
Q

Mackinder, Halford J.

A

Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a paper in 1904 called “The Geographical Pivot of History.” Mackinder’s paper suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. He formulated his hypothesis as: Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world Mackinder’s Heartland (also known as the Pivot Area) is the core area of Eurasia, and the World-Island is all of Eurasia (both Europe and Asia)

48
Q

Manifest destiny

A

The political doctrine or belief held by the United States of America, particularly during its expansion, that the nation was destined to expand toward the west.

49
Q

Median-line principle

A

An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two places.

50
Q

Microstate

A

A state or territory that is small in both size and population.

51
Q

Ministate

A

Independent country that is very small in area and population.

52
Q

Nation

A

A group of people with common cultural characteristics, whereas a state is an area with defined boundaries that has sovereignty within its borders.

53
Q

National iconography

A

The branch of art history which studies the identification, description, and the interpretation of the content of images.

54
Q

Nation-state

A

A country whose political boundaries correspond with its cultural boundaries.

55
Q

Nunavut

A

An Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit. -province in Canada.

56
Q

Raison d’être

A

Reason for being; a unifying or centripetal force that can unify a people.

57
Q

Reapportionment

A

The process and outcome of a reallocation of electoral seats to defined territories, such as congressional seats to states of the United States.

58
Q

Regionalism

A

A foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas.

59
Q

Religious conflict

A

Intolerance against another’s religious beliefs or practices, usually resulting in war, i.e. Israel-Palestine, Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades.

60
Q

Reunification

A

Bring together to parts of a country under one government. -East and West Germany.

61
Q

Satellite state

A

A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country.

62
Q

Self-determination

A

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will.

63
Q

Shatterbelt

A

A region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and often fragmented by aggressive rivals.

64
Q

Sovereignty

A

A principle of international relations that holds that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states.

65
Q

State

A

A politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government.

66
Q

Stateless ethnic groups

A

Groups with no state of inhabitance

67
Q

Stateless nation

A

A nation of people without a state that it considers home (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong).

68
Q

Suffrage

A

The civil right to vote, or the exercise of that right.

69
Q

Supranationalism

A

An alliance involving 3 or more countries for their mutual benefit such as economic, cultural or political/ military.

70
Q

Compact State

A

A state possesses a roughly circular, oval, or rectangular territory in which the distance from the geometric center is relatively equal in all directions. Ex. Poland, Switzerland, Cambodia.

71
Q

Fragmented State

A

Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. Hard to defend

72
Q

Elongated State

A

States with a long and narrow shape

73
Q

Prorupt State

A

Otherwise compact state with large protruding extension.

74
Q

Perforated State

A

A state that completely surrounds another state.

75
Q

Territoriality

A

In political geography, a country’s or more local community’s sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.

76
Q

Theocracy

A

A state whose government is under the control of a ruler who is deemed to be divinely guided or under the control of a group of religious leaders.

77
Q

Treaty ports

A

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

78
Q

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea)

A

Defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world’s oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources. The Convention, concluded in 1982, replaced four 1958 treaties.

79
Q

Unitary

A

Opposed to a federal state like the United States, is a state where laws are administered uniformly by one central government.

80
Q

USSR collapse

A

The collapse of the USSR because Socialism failed economically, outside opposition (Capitalist countries) and Nationalism within the republics, competition with the West (They wanted equality with USA, but had no money), and party officials were killed for personal gain, weakening the party

81
Q

Women’s enfranchisement

A

The right of voting when given to women

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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