Political Science Flashcards
The historical exploration of major contributions to political thought that involves philosophical and speculative consideration of the political world is called what?
Political Theory
This is a systematic study of the structures of two or more political systems to understand how different societies manage the realities of governing.
Comparative Government & Politics
How nations interact with each other within the frameworks of law, diplomacy, and international organizations is called what?
International Relations
What are the four subfields of political science?
Political Theory
American Government & Politics
Comparative Government & Politics
International Relations
Where was the systematic study of government developed in the 19th century?
The United States and Europe
Prior to 1850, what did the study of political science rely on?
Philosophy
Where was the curriculum for political science finalized?
Columbia & Johns Hopkins
What was the curriculum of political science deeply influenced by?
German scholarship on the nation-state and the formation of democratic institutions.
This was founded in 1903 and promoted the organized study of politics to distinguish the field from history.
American Political Science Association (APSA)
What is the time frame of the Behavioral Period of the study of political science?
1920-Present
What does the study of political science in the Behavioral Period focus on?
Psychological interpretations and analysis of behavior of individuals and groups within a political context.
What is the basic plan that outlines the structure and functions of the national government?
Constitution
This sets limits on the government and protects property and individual rights.
Constitution
This is a plan of government that was implemented after revolt against the British. It was consciously weak and considered ineffective.
The Articles of Confederation
This served as the national government from 1781-1787
The Articles of Confederation
A one house legislature is called what?
Unicameral
How many votes did each state get under the Articles of Confederation?
One
What powers and authority did the national government have under the Articles of Confederation?
- Control foreign policy
- Declare War/Make Treaties
- Assess state contributions to war efforts
- Borrow and Issue money
- Settle Disputes between states
- Admit new states to the union
What were the key weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
- Inability to levy taxes
- Inability to draft troops
- Inability to regulate interstate and foreign trade
- Lack of a powerful/effective chief executive
- Lack of a national court system
- Rule that amendments must be approved by unanimous consent
- Couldn’t enforce states to enforce legislation it did not agree on or support.
This was a rebellion in rural Massachusetts of farmers against tax collectors and banks seizing their property and symbolized the governments inability to maintain order under the Articles of Confederation.
Shays’ Rebellion
This was held in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation.
Constitutional Convention
When and where was the First Constitutional Convention held?
1787, Philadelphia
These were essays that expressed the political philosophy of the founders and was instrumental in the ratification of the Constitution.
The Federalist Papers
Who were the authors of the Federalist Papers?
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison
What documents were drawn on by the Founders when they were writing the Constitution
The Magna Carta (1215), The Petition of Rights (1628), and the Bill of Rights (1689)
What did all three of the documents drawn on by the Founders when they were writing the Constitution have in common?
They all promoted the principle of limited government.
What two writers did the Founders draw on while drafting the Constitution?
John Locke & Thomas Hobbes
What did Locke and Hobbes believe in that caused the Founders to draw on their writings?
The government had a social contract with the people they represented.
Where did the idea of checks and balances come from when drafting the Constitution?
Montesquieu
Why did the founders disagree on the role of the executive?
Some were worried about problems that could be caused by an unchecked/strong chief executive while others argued that the weak Presidency in the Articles of Confederation caused problems.
This makes sure that no one branch has unlimited powers.
Checks and Balances
What powers did Congress have over the President under the Constitution?
If the President is convicted of a crime they can impeach him, Congress is required to give consent on all appointments to offices and conclusions of treaties.
Why did small states have a problem with their representation in government?
They did not agree that large states should have more of a voice just because they represented more people.
This called for a strong national government with representation favoring large states.
The Virginia Plan
This retained the structure of the Articles of Confederation including equal representation of states in Congress.
The New Jersey Plan
This resulted in the division of Congress into two parts.
The Great Compromise
This branch of Congress gives each state equal voting power
The Senate
This branch of Congress gives representation in proportion to a state’s population.
House
What was the Three Fifths Compromise?
Each slave counted as 3/5 of a person for the purposes of determining the population count of a state with regard to taxation.
What was the “Compromise” part of the Three Fifths Compromise?
Slaves remained property of owners even if they had fled to a free state and it prohibited the passing of laws prohibiting slave importation for 20 years.
This group actually elects the President.
Electoral College
How many representatives does each state have in the Electoral College?
The same number as their representatives and Senators.
This group was in support of the new Constitution and a strong federal government.
Federalists
This group was made up of opponents of the Constitution.
Anti-Federalists
Why were the Anti-Federalists against the Constitution?
They felt it failed to uphold some of the basic rights for which the American Revolution had been fought. They felt it would weaken states power, favor the wealthy, increase taxes and diminish individual liberties. They also objected to the absence of a Bill of Rights.
What is Federalism?
The division of powers of the government between the states and a national government.
Which articles of the Constitution deal with the separation of powers?
Articles I, II, and III
When the government derives power from the people it is called what?
Popular Sovereignty
This part of the Constitution lists the reasons why the colonies sought independence.
The Preamble
Which article established the Legislative Branch as a two body entity comprised of the Senate and House of Representatives?
Article I
What did Article I establish?
The Legislative Branch (Congress) as a two body entity.
What are the two bodies of Congress?
The Senate and the House of Representatives
Which article established the executive branch?
Article II
What constitutes the executive branch?
President, Vice President, Cabinet & Under-departments to the Cabinet.
What did Article II establish?
The Executive Branch
Which article established the judicial branch?
Article III
What did Article III establish?
The Judicial Branch
What constitutes the Judicial Branch?
Supreme Court and Lower Courts
What does Article IV define?
- State’s powers to make and carry out laws
- Obligates states to respect other states laws
- Sets up how new states enter and are admitted to the union.
- Says that new states may not trample over another state’s borders.
- Federal Government must make sure each state has a Republican/Constitutional government.
- Federal Government must provide for the defense of each state against invasion or domestic unrest.
What is “full faith credit”?
Legal documents valid in one state must be valid in others.
What does Article V define?
How to amend the Constitution.
What is required to amend the Constitution?
2/3 vote in each house of Congress and a 3/4 vote of state legislatures.
What does Article VI establish?
Establishes that the Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land and state law must yield to federal if they conflict.
What does Article VII state?
9 of 13 original state needed to ratify the Constitution in order for it to come into effect.
When was the Constitution presented?
September 17, 1787
How many states ratified the Constitution?
12 out of 13
Amendment 1
Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly & the right of individuals to petition the government to respond to grievances.
Amendment 2
Right to bear arms in a regulated militia
Amendment 3
Security against quartering troops in their homes during either war or peace without consent of the owner.
Amendment 4
Protects against unreasonable search and seizure - must have probable cause and a search warrant.
Amendment 5
Due Process, Right against self incrimination, no double jeopardy
Amendment 6
Public and speedy trial by an impartial jury in criminal cases. Right to legal council, informed of charges against them, ability to confront witnesses against them and call witnesses on their behalf.
Amendment 7
Right to a jury trail in civil cases in federal court, no decision made by a jury shall be overturned by any US court except according to the rules of common law.
Amendment 8
No excessive bails or fines can be imposed on individuals. Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment
Amendment 9
Citizens and States have rights beyond those stated in the Constitution that cannot be violated or abridged.
Amendment 10
Powers not delegated to the federal government by the Consitution shall be reserved for the states or citizens.
Amendment 11
States have a degree of sovereign immunity and individuals cannot sue states in Federal Court.
Amendment 12
Outlines how the election of the President and Vice President works. Establishes that they must be on a ballot together and chosen by the Electoral College. Whoever runs as VP must be eligible for Presidency.
Amendment 13
Bans slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a convicted crime.
Amendment 14
Addresses Citizenship.
Extends protection of due process to states as well as federal government
Allows for reappointment of seats in the House following a census and counts all but untaxed Native Americans.
Which Amendment voided the 3/5 Clause in Article I?
14
Amendment 15
US Citizens shall not be denied the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Amendment 16
Allows Congress to tax income
Amendment 17
Progressive Movement
Changed election of Senators from state legislature to direct popular election
Amendment 18
Prohibition
When was Amendment 18 repealed?
1933
Amendment 19
Women’s Right to Vote
Amendment 20
Changed inauguration date to 1/20 from 3/4.
Changed term start date to 1/3 for Senators and Representatives to shorten “lame duck” session of Congress.
Established what happens if the President dies before swearing in.
Amendment 21
Repealed Amendment 18 (Prohibition)
Amendment 22
Limited President to 2 terms or 10 years if a VP becomes President after death or removal.
Amendment 23
Gave D.C. Residents the right to vote for President and gave D.C. 3 electoral votes.
Amendment 24
Illegal to use poll tax as a way to deny someone’s right to vote.
Amendment 25
Established order of succession (President-VP-Speaker of House-President pro Tempore of Senate - Secretary of State - Secretary of Treasury - Secretary of Defense - Attorney General…)
Amendment 26
Extends the right to vote to 18+ (down from 21+)
Amendment 27
Procedures for Congressional pay - increases go into effect after the next election
What are the powers reserved for federal government?
- Regulate Foreign Commerce
- Regulate Interstate Commerce
- Mint Money
- Regulate Immigration & Naturalization
- Grant Copyrights & Patents
- Declare/Wage War & Declare Peace
- Admit New States
- Fix Standards for Weights and Measures
- Raise/Maintain an Army & Navy
- Govern D.C.
- Conduct Relations with Foreign Nations
- Universalize Bankruptcy Laws
What are the powers reserved for the state governments
- Conduct & Monitor Elections
- Establish voter qualifications within guidelines established by the Constitution
- Provide for local governments
- Ratify proposed Constitutional amendments
- Regulate Contracts & Wills
- Provide education for its citizens
- Regulate Interstate Commerce
- Levy Direct Taxes
- Maintain police power over public health & safety
- Maintain integrity of state borders.
Where is the power of the legislative branch vested?
Congress
Where are the expressed/delegated powers of Congress outlined?
Article I, Section 8
What are the four broad power groups of Congress?
Economic Powers, Judicial Powers, War Powers, and Peace Powers
What are the economic powers of Congress?
- Lay and collect taxes
- Borrow Money
- Regulate Foreign/Interstate Commerce
- Coin Money & Regulate Value
- Establish rules concerning bankruptcy.
What are the Judicial powers of Congress?
- Establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court
- Provide punishment for counterfeiting.
- Define/Punish piracy/felony committed on the high seas.
What are the war powers of Congress?
- Declare War
- Raise & Support Armies
- Provide & Maintain a Navy
- Provide for organizing, arming, & calling forth the militia.
What are the peace powers of Congress?
- Establish rules on naturalization
- Establish post offices and post roads
- Promote science/arts by granting patents and copyrights
- Exercise jurisdiction over the seat of the federal government in D.C.
This grants Congress implied powers.
Elastic Clause
Who holds the power of impeachment?
Congress
When Congress moves to remove a public official from office following the committing and conviction of a crime it’s called what?
Impeachment
Who was the first impeachment?
Andrew Johnson
Which Legislative house holds the power to charge an official for impeachment?
The House of Representatives
Which Legislative house holds the power to hold trials for impeachment?
Senate
What is required for an amendment to be passed?
2/3 vote in both houses or proposed by 2/3 of the states legislatures.
If there is no majority in the Electoral College during the Presidential election, how is the President chosen?
A vote in the House between the top 3 candidates.
Who votes for the Vice President in the event of no majority in the Electoral College?
The Senate
How many times has there been no majority in the Electoral College?
Twice. 1800 & 1824
What is the writ of habeas corpus?
Authorities must show cause for detainment for arrested party.
What is a standing committee?
A permanent committee that deals with agriculture, armed services, budget, energy, finance, or foreign policy.
What is a select committee?
A committee established to deal with certain issues and has a limited duration.
What is a conference committee?
A committee established to fix differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill before it is sent to the President
What is a rules committee?
A committee unique to the House of Representatives that weeds out bills unworthy for consideration before the House.
What is a ways and means committee?
A committee that scrutinizes revenue raising bills.
How is committee membership determined?
It is:
- Organized on party lines
- Seniority is a key factor
- Composition is largely based on the ratio of each party in Congress.
- Chairmen are selected by leaders of the majority party.
Which party is allotted more members on each committee?
The Majority Party
How does a bill become a law?
- Introduced in Either House (revenue must originate in House of Representatives)
- Referred to appropriate committee
- Referred to sub-committee
- Sub-committee holds hearings if members agree the bill has merit.
- Bill goes back to full committee - decides if it goes to the full chamber for debate.
- Bill passes full chamber, sent to the other chamber and begins the process again.
- Differences between the House and Senate versions must be resolved in a conference committee.
- Sent to President for consideration.
What does the House of Representatives have debate rules?
Because of its size.
Which House of Congress allows filibusters?
Senate
What is a parliamentary procedure that limits debates and ends a filibuster?
Cloutre
What are the Constitutional Qualifications to be a Representatives in the House of Representatives?
- Must be 25+
- US Citizen for more than 7 years
- Resident of a State that sends them to Congress
- 2 Year Terms
- The presiding officer and most powerful member is the Speaker of the House.
What did the Reapportionment Act of 1929 do?
Fixed the House at 435 members.
Who is the Speaker of the House?
The most powerful member and presiding officer of the House of Representatives. He or she is the leader of the political party with majority of a given term.
What are the Constitutional Qualifications for Senate?
- Must be 30+
- US Citizen for more than 9 years
- Inhabitant of state they represent
- 6 year terms
- Terms are staggered so 1/3 of the Senate is up for election in each national election.
- VP is President of the Senate (only votes in the chance of a tie)
- Majority Leader is the most powerful
Who is the head of the executive branch?
The President
Where are the duties of the President outlined?
Article II
What are the duties of the President?
- Serves as the Commander In Chief of the Armed Services
- Negotiates treaties (2/3 Senate Approval)
- Appoints Judges, Ambassadors, and other High officials with Senate Consent.
- Grants Pardons and Reprieves of people convicted of Federal Crimes (not impeachment cases)
- Seeks advisement/counsel of departments heads (cabinet members)
- Recommends legislation
- Meets with Representatives of Foreign states.
- Sees that laws are faithfully executed
What is the most significant domestic tool the president has?
The budget
How can a veto be over-ridden?
2/3 vote in both houses of Congress.
What is a pocket veto?
A veto that occurs when the President does not sign or reject a bill and Congress adjourns within 10 days of his receipt of legislation.
What is the most recently created Cabinet department
Homeland Security
What are the duties of the Executive Office of the President
Supervising the daily work of the government
Who heads the White House Staff?
Chief of Staff
What is the most crucial agency of the Executive Office?
Office of Management and Budget
Who directs the Central Intelligence Agency?
National Security Council
What are the Constitutional requirements for Presidency?
- 35+ Years Old
- Natural Born Citizen
- Resided in the US for minimum of 14 years
How many votes do states have in the Electoral College?
The same as their number of members in Congress
How many Electoral Votes does D.C. have?
3
How many total electors does the Electoral College have?
538
Why was the Electoral College created?
To provide an indirect method of choosing the chief executive.
Which article establishes the Supreme Court?
Article III
What did the Judiciary Act of 1789 do?
It organized the Supreme Court and established 13 Federal District Courts
What jurisdiction do Federal District Courts have?
Original jurisdiction for federal cases involving criminal and civil law.
What makes up the Supreme Court?
A chief justice and 8 associate justices that are appointed for life.
What is meant by Judicial Review?
The power to determine the constitutionality of laws and actions of the legislative and executive branches. The foundation of the justice system.
When and why was the Judicial Review created?
1803 under Chief Justice John Marshall during the case of Marbury vs. Madison.
What are the writs of certiorari?
Orders that call up records from a lower court and are issued if a case is selected for review by the Supreme Court.
What happens in the case of a split decision in the Supreme Court?
A majority opinion is written by one justice in agreement.
When is a concurring opinion written?
If a judge agrees with a majority decision but for a different principle, it is written to explain the different point of view.
When is a dissenting opinion written?
When the judge doesn’t vote with the majority it is written to air conflicting arguments.
What does the US Tax Court handle?
Conflict between individuals and the IRS.
What is handled in the Court of Claims?
When citizens bring suit against the US Government.
What is the Federal Bureaucracy?
A series of independent agencies that were created to protect consumers and regulate industries engaged in interstate trade or oversee government programs.
What is the most important part of the Federal Bureaucracy?
Regulatory Commissions.
What does the Interstate Commerce Regulatory Commission do?
Monitor surface transportation and some pipelines
What does the Federal Reserve Board Regulatory Commission do?
Supervise banking system, sets interest rates and controls money supply
What does the Federal Trade Regulatory Commission do?
Protects consumers by looking into false advertising and antitrust violations.
What does the Federal Communications Regulatory Commission do?
Polices airwaves by licensing tv and radio stations and regulating phone and cable companies.
What does the Security and Exchange Regulatory Commission do?
Monitors the sale of stocks and bonds to protect investors.
What does the National Labor Relations Board do?
Oversees labor and management practices
What does the Consumer Product Safety Commission do?
Sets standards of safety for manufactured items.
What does the Nuclear Regulatory Commission do?
Licenses and inspects nuclear power plants.
What are some examples of Independent Executive Agencies?
Civil Rights Commission, EPA, NASA
What is a government corporation?
A commercial enterprise created by Congress to perform necessary services.
What was the first government corporation?
First Bank of the United States in 1791
Who established the First Bank of the US?
Alexander Hamilton
What do the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporations do?
Ensures bank deposits.
What was the Tennessee Valley Authority?
It was authorized to revive a depressed part of the Nation and oversees electric power and maintains flood control programs.
What was the Tennessee Valley Authority a part of?
Theodore Roosevelt’s New Deal.
What is the largest and most well known government corporation?
The US Postal Service.
What is handing out jobs for political favors called?
The spoils system.
What was the Civil Service Act?
An attempt to reform the spoils system.
Another name for the Civil Service Act is the…
Pendleton Act
This helps groups discriminated against in the job market find employment
Affirmative Action
This is comprised of people who hold similar ideas about the government and see to influence government by electing members to public office.
Political Party
What are the three elements of a political party?
Party-in-the-Electorate
Party Organization
Party-In-Government
Who formed the first two political parties?
Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson
This party favored a loose approach to the interpretation of the Constitution and advocated a strong federal government with the power to assume duties not prohibited by the Constitution.
The Federalist Party
Describe the Federalist Party
- Evolved around the policy of Hamilton
- Loose approach to interpretation of Constitution
- Strong Fed. Gov. with power to assume powers not prohibited by the Constitution
- Supported programs to benefit banking & commercial interests.
- Pro British Foreign Policy
This party had strict constructionist views, believed in a narrow limited interpretation of the Constitution and were sympathetic to the needs of the “common man”
Democratic-Republicans
Which election was the first in which political parties played a central role?
The election of 1796
Who lead the two factions that the Democratic-Republicans split into in the 1820s?
Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams
This faction of the Democratic-Republicans continued on with their tradition of supporting policy designed to enhance the power of the common man.
Democrats
This faction of the Democratic-Republicans represented the interests of bankers, merchants and some large planters.
National Republicans
This political party was organized from the old Federalists and National Republicans
Whigs
When were the Whigs prominent?
1840s
Why and when did the Whigs fragment?
1850s, Slavery Issue
When were the Modern Republicans born?
1854
What caused the Modern Republicans to form?
The Whigs and Anti-Slavery Democrats came together to halt the spread of slavery.
What was the constituency of the Modern Republicans formed around?
The interests of businesses, farmers, workers, and newly emancipated slaves.
This party was established at national nominating conventions in the 1830s
Anti-Masonic Party
This political party opposed the use of alcohol and worked for the adoption of the 18th amendment.
Prohibition Party
This political party championed farmers and impacted mainstream parties with their reform agenda.
Populist Party
This is a mechanism allowing voters to put proposed legislation on the ballot
Initiative Petition
This is a term that means allowing voters to approve or reject laws passed by legislature.
Refferendum
This party was formed in 1992 around the personality of H. Ross Perot.
Reform Party
This is a splinter party from the Republicans and was built around the personality of Theodore Roosevelt.
Progressive/Bull Moose Party
This allows voters to express preference for candidates.
Primary Elections
The local level that is the fundamental organization of political parties that registers voters and organizes grass roots meeting is called the
Precint
These committees are critical to a political party’s fundraising.
State Central Committees
These are committees that are most visible in election years who plan the national nominating conventions, write platforms and carry out election campaigns.
National Party Committees
This is the process by which individuals form their political allegiances
Political Socialization
What is another name for a factor relevant to the formation of political allegiances?
Cleavages
Examples of a cleavage that affects the formation of political allegiances are:
Family, Race, Gender, Class, Religion, Education, Region and Media
These arise from bonds among individuals who share common concerns.
Interest Groups
What are the two ways that interest groups can be formed?
Formal and Informal
Which type of interest group would a single-interest organization, like the NRA, fall into?
Formal
To influence passage or defeat of legislation is called…
lobbying
What is the Political Action Committee?
It was formed in 1970 to attempt to circumvent legislations limiting contributions to political campaigns.
This refers to the attitudes and preferences expressed by a significant number of individuals that involves the government and society at large.
Public Opinion
This bill made it possible for citizens to register to vote at the DMV in the 1990s
Motor-Voter Bill
What are the two tiers of local government?
Counties/Boroughs/Parishes
Munincipalities
This framework of international relations uses a descriptive process and focuses on issues and topics like global issues, international institutions, and foreign policies of individual nation states.
Traditional Analysis
This framework of international relations zeroes in on war and deterrence. Uses game theory to analyze negotiations, effectiveness of weapons systems and likelihood of limited vs. all out war in crisis situations.
Strategists’ Approach
This framework of international relations analyzes specific components of international relations such a politics of arms races, escalation of international crisis, role of prejudice and attitudes toward other cultures in precipitating war and peace.
Middle Range Theorists
This framework of international relations considers factors like economics, ethics, law, and trade agreements and stresses the importance of international organizations and the complexities of interactions among nations.
World Politics Approach
This person argued for realism in the study of interactions on the international stage.
Hans J. Morgenthau
This was one of the earliest guiding principles and concepts of US Foreign Policy
Isolationism
This is a non-interventionist policy in terms of military intervention combined with a policy of protectionism.
Isolationism
This is a policy that states that there should be a legal barrier to control trade with other nation-states.
Protectionism
This is a diplomatic policy in which a nation seeks to avoid alliances with other nations to avoid being drawn into a war that is not related to their own territorial defense.
Interventionism
This stated that the US would not interfere in European affairs and would oppose any attempt by Europe to colonize the Americas.
The Monroe Doctrine
This was written in response to the new independence of the Spanish colonies in Latin America.
The Monroe Doctrine
What year was the Monroe Doctrine written in?
1823
This states that the US would reciprocate with tariffs and treat all foreign countries the same way. It would become standard trade policy until the 20th century.
Trade Reciprocity
This declared that the US sought to settle the continent coast to coast and had a divine obligation to civilize the continent and control its riches.
Manifest Destiny
This was the first significant military intervention, during which America occupied and controlled the Philippines. It resulted in the Philippines, Guam, American Samoa and Puerto Rico becoming territories.
The Spanish-American War
What caused the Philippines, Guam, American Samoa and Puerto Rico to become territories?
The Spanish-American War
During what time did the US gain hegemony over Cuba?
The Spanish-American War
This calls for the allowance of all nations having equal trading in China.
Open Door Policy
This stated that the US would intervene in the domestic affairs of any weak or negligent state in the Caribbean or Central America to keep them free from outside forces that might seek to take them over.
Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
When did World War I begin?
1914
When did the US enter World War I?
1917
What forced the US to enter World War I?
The German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare.
How was the US tied to the Allied Powers?
By military cooperation NOT treaty.
Who wrote the Fourteen Points?
Woodrow Wilson
What became the basis for post-World War I settlement?
The Fourteen Points
This was advocated for by Wilson to resolve conflicts before the beginning of another World War.
League of Nations
What provided for the League of Nations?
The Treaty of Versailles
This was a term used for spreading democracy and peace under American auspices.
Wilsonism
This Pact was designed to outlaw war
Kellogg-Briand Pact
This allowed the US to assist countries whose defense was seen as vital by the US by lending or leasing them war supplies, materials, and equipment.
Lend-Lease Act
What happened on December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor - forced US to join WWII
Why was the United Nations created?
To guarantee the security of member nations and promote economic prosperity around the globe.
Who created the United Nations?
Franklin D. Roosevelt and Allies
What did the agreement for the United Nations say?
The five great powers (US, Britain, China, France & Soviet Union) would have permanent seats on the security council and could veto any action by the UN.
What three parts can US foreign policy during the Cold War be broken into?
Containment
Detente
Unrestricted Competition
This was created by George Kennan and was based on the premise that the US must apply counter force to any aggressive moves by the Soviet Union.
Containment Policy
Where was the Containment Policy implemented?
Truman Doctrine
This was a plan to put billions into Western Europe to help rebuild it and its economies to make it strong enough to prevent Communism.
Marshall Plan
What was the first military and political alliance the US joined during a peace time?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
This plan emerged during the Cold War and the plan stated that if one region came under communist influence the other nations in the area would follow.
Domino Plan
When the USSR attempted to put missiles in Cuba in 1962 it was called what?
The Cuban Missile Crisis
This was a prime example of the Domino Theory where the US was attempting to stop the spread of communism and instead supported a corrupt capitalist regime.
Vietnam War
This was passed by Congress in 1964 and provided Johnson with broad, legal authority to combat Northern Vietnamese aggression.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
This was the easing of tension between the US and Soviet Union that lead to increased trade, cultural exchanges and an agreement to limit nuclear weapons.
Detente
The agreement with the USSR to limit nuclear weapons was known as the
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)
This happened at the culmination of the detente, the Soviets wanted the group to recognize the control of Eastern Europe and conquered territories while Western powers wanted the USSR to agree to human rights and protections for all citizens.
Helsinki Accords
Put into place under Jimmy Carter, this established that the Persian Gulf was an area of vital US interest and the US would fight to maintain its interests there.
Carter Doctrine.
What saw the relations between the USSR/US deteriorate?
Regan’s election
What were the two policies Mikhail Gorbachev instituted in 1985?
Glasnost & Perestroika
What eased the new tensions between the US/USSR after Regan’s election?
Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost and Perestroika.
When did the Iron Curtain fall?
1989
This was a US settlement arranged in 1995 to resolve ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia.
Dayton Accords
This was the response of the US to 9/11
The War on Terrorisim
This was created by Bush after 9/11 and has cabinet status
The Office of Homeland Security
This changed the US from reactive strategies of containment and deterrence to a more proactive policy of military action after 9/11
Bush Doctrine
This placed negotiation and collaboration over confrontation and unilateralism.
Obama Doctrine
This involves the objectives that nations seek to gain with reference to other nations and procedures employed in order to achieve those objectives.
Foreign Policy
Who are “actors” in foreign policy?
The primary players (nations, world organizations, multinational corporations, non-state ethnic entities)
This model of foreign policy assumes that all nations or primary players share similar goals and approach foreign policy issues in a like fashion.
Unitary/Rational Actor Model
This model of foreign policy assumes that due to the many large organizations involved in formulating foreign policy, final decisions are a result of struggle amongst bureaucratic actors.
Bureaucratic Model
This model of foreign policy involves communicating with other primary players through official representatives.
Diplomacy
This concluded 30 years war in Europe in 1648
Peace of Westphalia
This extended the authority of the Roman Catholic popes to exert political dominance over secular leaders.
Peace of Westphalia
This gave birth to the notion of the modern nation-state.
Peace of Westphalia
When was the “golden age of diplomacy”?
18th Century
This was an era of relative stability in which modern & shared cultural values on the part of the decision-makers was the rule.
The Golden Age of Diplomacy
This is a legal entity that occupies a well-defined geographic area and is organized under a common set of governmental institutions. They are recognized as sovereign and independent.
Nation State
This is a movement or party that functions as independent states, but lack sovereignty and possibly have more power than some less developed nation-states
Non-State Actors & Principle Players
What is an example of a non-state actor or principle player?
Palestine Liberation Organization, Irish Republican Army
These conduct activities throughout the world but their aims are largely non-political. Ex: Catholic Church
Non-Territorial Transnational Organizations
These groups have a basis in a number of countries and exist primarily for economic profit.
Multinational Organizations
This is made up of nation-states and can wield significant power on the international scene.
Intergovernmental Organizations
How are nation-states classified in the international community?
By Power, wealth, and prestige.
This involves alliances that transcend the old bi-polar scheme with its emphasis on ideology, military superiority, and calls for multinational cooperation.
New World Order
Who codified the laws of war and peace and has been called the father of international law?
Hugo Grotius
This represents concerted efforts to replace armed conflict as the rule of law
Court of International Justice
This influences nations to observe the tenants of law.
Fear of Reprisal
This type of government has a more uniform policy, equity, and less conflict. Supreme authority lies within the leaders.
Centralized Government
This type of government is closer to the people, more responsive, flexible to more citizens needs and allows for innovations.
De-Centralized Government
If all authority lies in a sole, central organization it is called what?
A unitary de-centralized government
In this type of government most power is allocated to regional government who can defy the national government to whom they allow only a limited amount of power.
Confederation
In this type of government, member states give up power to a central government but retain some power as well.
Federal
In this type of government, a fusion of the executive and legislative branches exists.
Parliamentary
Who is the executive in a Parliamentary system of government?
Prime Minister
Who chooses the Prime Minister?
Parliament
What is a weakness of the Parliamentary system?
Caters to minority party in order to gain power and coalitions break down when only a handful of members disagree with an agenda.
This type of government is based on a strict application of separation of powers.
Presidential
If no one is making decisions in government and everyone is free to do as they please it is called what?
Anarchy
This type of government believes in the elimination of the state
Anarchy
If one person has dominant power and makes all the government decisions it’s called what?
Autocracy
This usually refers to a government where power is controlled by a monarch, political dictator, or religious leader.
Autocracy
In this type of government, power rests with a small elite group that makes all government decisions
Oligarchy
This type of government tends to arise as transitional governments that have arisen out of dictatorships.
Oligarchy
This is an oligarchy that has, by rule, only a few, super-wealthy individuals
Plutocracy
This type of government consists of a rule by a group with mass participation that must rely on a leadership that is managed my competing elites.
Polyarchy
This is a type of government where everyone is given the opportunity to participate in government and power is distributed evenly and widely diffused.
Democracy
What are the two forms of democracy?
Direct and Indirect
What is a direct democracy?
Everyone participates and votes on all issues - none exist!
What is an indirect democracy?
People choose individuals to run the government and make decisions for them.
What is another name for an indirect democracy?
A Representative Democracy
In this type of government, all goods and services are owned equally and commonly - there is no individual owenership.
Communisim
This type of government operates under the belief that inequalities that exist in a society are unjust and the government provides extensive social services to citizens.
Socialism
This type of government has a hereditary leader.
Monarchy
This type of government has a monarch but also has a government that is elected and a constitution that sets out how a government should function.
Constitutional Monarchy
In this type of government, leaders are elected.
Republic
If there are effective constraints on a government it is called this type of government.
Constitutional
If there are no effective constraints on a government it is called this type of government.
Dictatorship
This is the oldest form of government as it does not require permission from people to take over the government.
Dictatorship
This is a government leader who has absolute control over the government and is authoritarian in nature.
Dictator
This is a dictator system based on military power
Miltary Dictatorship
In this type of government, rulers can make decisions without consent of those they are governing.
Authoritarian
This is an extreme version of Authoritarianism and endeavors to achieve complete conformity by all to the ideals of the state with no dissension allowed.
Totalitarian
In this type of government the citizen sacrifices the expense of the individual and his or her family for the good of the state.
Marxism
These are legal claims that individuals have to protect themselves from discrimination at the hands of the government and other citizens.
Civil Rights
During this case, the Supreme Court began to exercise their function of interpreting the law as it applies to civil rights.
Gitlow Case (1925)
This Constitutional amendment sets for them principle of the separation of church and state.
First Amendment
What Supreme Court case allowed segregation to be maintained?
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
This Supreme Court case ruled that separate but equal was unconstitutional and ended most de jure segregation, but defacto still remained.
Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)
This Supreme Court case ruled that as a slave Scott had no right to use for his freedom and further Congressional prohibitions on slavery were unlawful.
Dred Scott vs. Sanford (1857)
This Supreme Court case barred states from using prior restraint to discourage publication of objectionable material except in war time or in cases of obscenity or incitement to violence.
Near vs. Minnesota (1931)
This Supreme Court case ruled that compulsory saluting of the flag was unconstitutional.
West Virginia Board of Education vs. Barnette (1943)
This Supreme Court case upheld the legality of forced internment of Japanese during WWII
Korematsu vs. US (1944)
This Supreme Court case extended the rule that evidence not legally obtained cannot be evidence to state and federal courts. It has since been modified.
Mapp vs. Ohio (1961)
This Supreme Court case ruled that courts must provide legal counsel to poor defendants in federal cases. It was later extended to include all defendants facing prison time.
Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963)
This Supreme Court case established the right to council included consultation prior to interrogation.
Escebo vs. Illinois (1964)
This Supreme Court case made it so all suspects must be informed of due process rights before questioning.
Miranda vs. Arizona (1966)
This Supreme Court case allowed for the publication of the controversial Pentagon Papers during Vietnam.
New York Times vs. US (1971)
This Supreme Court case legalized abortion as long as the fetus is not viable.
Roe vs. Wade (1973)
This Supreme Court case established that the freedom of press does not extend to student publications.
Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier (1988)
