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Social Sciences 6-12 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

The time before the acquisition of writing is called what?

A

Pre-History

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2
Q

These early humans walked on two legs, lived in family groups, and developed the opposable thumb

A

Australopithecines

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3
Q

This early human form appeared in Africa ~2.4 million years ago, ate more nutritious food, altered movements to respond to available food, and was known as a “handy man” and developed tools with razor sharp edges.

A

Homo habilus

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4
Q

This early human form appeared ~1.9 million years ago, had a brain 1/3 larger than the homo habilus, learned how to manipulate fire (cooking), was a scavenger, created hand axes.

A

Homo Erectus

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5
Q

What resulted in a huge increase of the numbers of homo erectus?

A

Their larger brains, ability to use tools and ability to hunt big game.

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6
Q

What is another name for homo sapien sapiens?

A

Hominids

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7
Q

Where and when did homosapien sapiens appear?

A

Africa & Southwest Asia ~150-200,000 years ago

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8
Q

This suggests that homo sapiens evolved from a group of homo erectus who left Africa and dispersed all over the world.

A

Multiregional Community Model

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9
Q

This is the current leading theory on the evolution of humans.

A

Out of Africa Model

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10
Q

This theory holds that while homo erectus left Africa and did mingle with other populations, homo sapiens developed in Africa and eventually took over all of the other hominids without inbreeding

A

Out of Africa Model

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11
Q

The Old Stone Age is also known as what?

A

The Paleolithic Era

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12
Q

This period of the Stone Age marked the emergence of the first hominids

A

Old Stone Age/Paleolithic

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13
Q

How are paleolithic people characterized?

A
  1. Hunter Gatherer
  2. Mobile, Nomadic with Large Territorial Range
  3. Crude Tools
  4. Work Divided on Gender Lines
  5. Art
  6. Fire to provide warmth/light
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14
Q

The Middle Stone Age is known as what?

A

Mesolithic

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15
Q

The end of this era of the Stone Age marked the start of the Neolithic Revolution

A

Mesolithic

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16
Q

What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?

A

Populations turned to farming

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17
Q

What were the 3 major characteristics of the human experience during the Mesolithic era?

A
  1. End of era turns to farming
  2. Change in tools to axes, spears, bow and arrow, baskets, boats, and ground stone tools
  3. Beginning of pastoral societies
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18
Q

What was the time frame of the Mesolithic Era?

A

10,000-7,000 BCE

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19
Q

This marked the shift from food-gathering to food-producing (farming).

A

Neolithic Revolution

20
Q

This time period during the mesolithic era saw the domestication of animals

A

Neolithic Revolution

21
Q

Bronze Age tools were developed at the end of what period?

A

Neolithic

22
Q

Where did the first civilizations emerge during the Neolithic period?

A

Mesopotamia and Egypt

23
Q

During this time period nomadic living people shifted to living in agricultural villages.

A

Neolithic Period

24
Q

What is an institution of law, government, economic growth, military and religion referred to as?

A

Civilization

25
Q

Why did civilizations develop around rivers?

A

Because they needed the water for survival and the land around the rivers was fertile. They also used the rivers for transportation.

26
Q

What were the main characteristics of the River Valley Civilizations?

A
  1. Cities or Large, Dense Settlements
  2. Separation of population into occupational groups
  3. Social hierarchy included elite that were exempt from subsistence labor.
  4. Elite extracted taxes from lower classes
  5. Monumental Public Buildings
  6. Writing
  7. Long Distance Trade
  8. Establishment of Rule of Law
  9. Non-Kin Based Community.
27
Q

Where did the first urban-agricultural societies emerge around 3000 BC?

A

Mesopotamia

28
Q

This area included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

A

Mesopotamia

29
Q

What were the four main civilizations in Mesopotamia?

A

Sumerians
Akkadians
Babylonians
Persians

30
Q

What were the basic trademarks of the Sumerians?

A
  1. Writing with cuneiforms
  2. Math Developments
  3. Polytheistic & Ziggurats
  4. Gligamesh and Epic Poems
31
Q

What was important about the Sumerians and water?

A

They were able to build tremendous irrigation projects to try to control water.

32
Q

What River Valley Civilization was the first to develop a writing system?

A

Sumerians

33
Q

What did the Sumerian writing style start as?

A

Picto-form

34
Q

What did the Sumerian writing style evolve into?

A

Cuneiform

35
Q

What is the writing style that was based on wedge shapes?

A

Cuneiform

36
Q

What was special about cuneiform writing with the Sumerians?

A

It could convey sounds.

37
Q

What developed in Mesopotamia because of the Sumerians writing system?

A

Scribal schools, which became centers of learning.

38
Q

How did Sumerians show ownership of their documents?

A

Cylinder seals

39
Q

What advancements did Sumerians make because of their writing system?

A

Advancements in math, medicine and religion

40
Q

What important math advancements did the Sumerians make?

A

Number system based on 60 (minutes & circle into 360)
Geometry allowed them to transform knowledge to building construction and irrigation systems
Understood division and multiplication
Developed a lunar based calendar

41
Q

What did Sumerians believe about sickness?

A

Evil spirits caused sickness and treatment was by magic, prescription and basic surgery.

42
Q

What was a step shaped temple in the basic pyramid structure built by the Sumerians called?

A

Ziggurat

43
Q

What was built at the center of the city and was the focal point of Sumerian life?

A

Temples

44
Q

Why did priests begin to lose power in Sumeria?

A

Society realized they needed a military to protect them from invaders.

45
Q

This was written around 2700 BCE that tells something about the organization of Sumerian culture and society.

A

The Epic of Gilgamesh

46
Q

This literary work tells of the leader Uruk, his friend Enkidu and explains the creation of the universe.

A

The Epic of Gilgamesh

Social Sciences 6-12 (4 decks)

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