Political pressure Flashcards
Which two naval bases mutinied during PItt’s regime?
Spithead
The Nore
Which year did the two naval mutinies happen?
1797
What was the aim behind the mutiny at Spithead?
The sailors wanted better working conditions, better wages, less harsh discipline and the prevention of mistreating of sailors
How did the mutiny at Spithead come to an end?
The governemnt compromised and agreed to many of the demands of the sailors which led to the mutineers dispersing
Give examples for compromises made by the government following the naval mutiny at Spithead?
Improvement of rations
Removal of absuive officers
Promised to back pay
What were the overall outcomes of the mutiny at Spithead?
No immediate systematic change was achieved
However it paved the way to gradual change and improvement
How was the mutiny at the Nore different from the mutiny at Spithead?
The mutineers demanded more radical reforms (including political reform) and the mutiny was more politically based.
The mutineers at Spithead made clear that they were motivated by material concerns and there was no political backing for their movement
What was the governments response to the mutiny at the Nore?
Pitt arrested the leaders and put them on trial.
Leaders of the mutiny were executed.
What were the aims behind Pitt’s response towards the mutiny at the Nore?
Wanted to prevent the spread of radicalist ideas and mutinies within the navy
Wanted to establish that the Navy was just another institute under government control
Wanted to remove radicals from the navy
When was the Irish rebellion?
1798
What were the long term causes of the Irish rebellion?
5 points
Religious and political divisions
The act of Union
Economic reform
Influence of revolutionary ideas
Failure of parliamentary reform
What percentage of the Irish population were catholics?
What percentage were protestant?
85% Catholic
15% Protestant
What were the effects of religous and political divisions in Irish society?
Catholics were subjected to political, economic and social disenfranchisement (Systematic oppression).
The Anglo Irish ruling class controlled much of Irish land and wealth.
Penal laws of the 17th and 18th century prohibited them from holding public office, owning land and recieving a proper education.
How did the Act of Union lead to the Irish rebllion?
2 points
Irish nationalists percieved the union as a betrayal by the Anglo Irish ruling class.
The catholics thought a union would further increase protestant control over the catholics and further the social division between the catholics and the anglicans
What economic hardships contributed to the Irish rebellion?
2 points
- The majority of the population were tenant farmers with the tenants subjected to high rent and arbitary evictions
- Famines such as the potato famine of the 1790’s led to widespread disease and amplified suffering of the working classes
Which two revolutions fueled revolutionary ideas among the Irish public?
American revolution 1776
French revolution 1789
When was the Society of United Irishmen founded and what was their purpose
1791
Called for the establishment of Irish Democratic Republic
Which act granted limited civil rights to Catholics?
When was this act passed?
Act of Relief
1793
What were some short term causes for the Irish rebellion
Repression of the United Irishmen
French revolutionary support
British military presence
How did the repression of the united irishmen lead to the Irish rebellion?
By the late 1790’s the society had become more radical in it’s demands which led to the suppression of the society and the prosecution of it’s key members which led to other members looking for military means to achieve their goals
What were some “radical” change demanded by the United Irishmen?
Establishment of an Independent Irish republic with religious and political equality
How did the French influence lead to the Irish rebllion?
The French revolution inspired the radical movement in Ireland
The rebels were motivated by the possibility of recieving support from the French
In 1796 the French Directory sent an expedition to Ireland to support the rebellion.
Why did the French force never arrive in Ireland?
The landing at Bantry Bay failed due to bad weather
How did the British military presence lead to the Irish rebellion?
In the years before the rebellion the british military had increased their presence in Ireland. They impoosed heavy restrictions on public gatherings and political expression. This angered the Irish
How many prime ministers served between 1801 and 1812?
What were their names?
7
Addington Pitt Grenville Portland Percivel Liverpool
Who was the prime minister that replaced Pitt
Henry Addington
Why was Addington criticised?
Hesitating to declare war against France
What was the treaty that halted the war between England and France?
The treaty of Ameins
When was the treaty of Ameins?
1802
When did Nelson win at Trafalgar?
1805
When were the Berlin & Milan decrees?
1806
What did the Berlin and Milan decrees do?
Placed a trade embargo on Britain
What was the British response for the Berlin and Milan decrees?
The British released orders in council preventing British trade with France
When did the French revolution begin?
1789
What were the key events in 1792 in regards to the French revolution?
The September Massacres
The edict of fraternity
The invasion of the Austrian Netherlands
What were the key events in 1793 in regards to the French revolution?
Execution of Lious XVI & Marie Antoinette
Declaration of war with England
What was the book published supporting the French revolution, who wrote it and when was it published?
Rights of man
Thomas Paine
1791
What was the book published criticising the French revolution, who wrote it and when was it published?
Reflections on the revolution in France
Edmund Burke
1790
When were the French revolutionary wars?
1793-1802
When did the US declare war on England?
1812
When were the Napoleonic wars?
1802-1815
When was Addington prime minister?
1801-1804
What is Addington criticised for?
Being indecisive in declaring war against Napoleon
How did Addington prepare for an upcoming war?
Introduced the Levee en Masse Act which trained and armed all men between 18 and 55 (total around 800 000 troops)
Made income tax more effecient to boost war funds
Stamped out corruption from the navy to make it more effecient
When was Nelson’s victory at Trafalgar and who was the prime minister at the time?
1805
What were the decrees that were passed by Napoleon to embargo Britain? When were these passed?
Berlin and Milan decrees
1806
What were Britain’s retaliation to the Berlin and Milan decrees and when was it?
Orders in Council preventing trade with any port that blockaded English ships and prevented trade with any neutral ship trading with one of the bloavkaded ports
1807
When did Napoleon allow French wheat entering Britain and what wasthe reason for this
1808-1810
French harvest failures
Provide figures on how the national debt changed between (1784-1815)
1784 - £240 million
1793 - £228 million
1801 - £450 million
1815 - £900 million
Describe how income tax changed over the period of war?
1798 - Income tax introduced on all incomes over £60 with a maximum rate of 10%
1803 - Addington makes tax more efficient
1805 - Pitt further increases tax on incomes above £150
When was the Bank of England forced to stop payments in Gold and start using paper currency?
1797
When was the most significant wartime economic crisis and what was it?
1810 and 1811
Overproduction of goods due to a new potential market in South America almost led to an economic collapse. This was backed by consecutuive harvest failures. These factors in turn led to increased printing of bank notes and extreme inflation
How was the social conditions during the periods of war?
There was widespread unrest over the rejection of the minimum wage bill in 1808
There was a rise in prices between 1811 and 1814
There was unrban unemployment due to continued industrialisation (power loom put hand loom craftsmen out of work)
