Economic & Social Developments Flashcards
Provide evidence for industrialisation in Britain
Industial growth which had been at 2% for a long period of time increased to 4% during the 1780’s and 90’s
When was the first census report?
What was the recorded population?
1801
10.9 million
When was the second census report?
What was the rocorded population?
1811
12.6 million
What was England’s largest industry by 1780
Cotton industry
Describe the Cotton Industry in 1780?
Centred around small workshops and skilled artisans
This was referred to as the Cottage industry
What were some problems of the cotton industry model of the cotton industry in 1780?
Low speed
Minimal quality control
Give 3 key inventions that led to the industrialisation of the Cotton Industry?
Give years as well
Arkwright’s water frame (1769)
Crompton’s mule (1779) [most important invention in spinning]
Cartwright”s Power loom (1789)
What were the two locations where the Cotton industry was centred around?
Lancashire
Lanarkshire
Why was the cotton industry centred around Lincolnshire and Lanarkshire?
2 points
Proximity to waterways which would power machinery
Proximity to prominent sea ports which would have allowed easy access to raw materials and would make exporting products easier.
What were possible reasons for the industrialisation of the cotton industry?
4 points
Increased availability of raw materials (slavery in the Caribbean)
Increased workforce due to population growth
Increased demand for clothes due to growing population
New inventions
Give figures diplaying increased demand for iron in the period 1780-1815
Annual demand for pig iron increased from 68,000 tons in the 1780’s upto 250,000 tons in the early 1800’s
Why was the iron industry closely associated with the coal industry?
Iron foundaries were built close to coalfields to easily access coal which was used to provide the energy for smelting iron.
What were the four key areas where the iron industry became concentrated around?
Black country
South Wales
South Yorkshire
Clydeside
Give an example for an Ironmaster who industrialised ironworks?
John Wilkinson
Give figures for the increased demand of Coal
Annual demand for coal rose from 7 million tons in the 1780’s upto 14 million tons by 1812
Comment on the change and continuity of large scale transport between the 1780’s and 1812
Mostly used canals system which was established in the 1780’s.
Provide figures proving increased effieciency in farming
In 1800 one person could prodcue food for 2.5 people in comparison to 1.7 in the 1700’s
How did industrilisation effect traditional farmers?
Provide figures for this
Forced to find work elesewhere as enclosures took over public land and farming became more effieicent.
For the forst time in 1800 more people were employed in industry than in agriculture
What were the advantages of enclosures?
Increased productivity
Could grow throughout year as areas of land were not needed to be left fallow
Increasing populatjons in cities had a larger variety of food to eat
How big was the middle class by 1800
25% of the population
What were the advantages of working in cities rather than in agricultural lands?
higher wages
Consistent work (agriculutral labourers had more work during harvest season and not much work during other periods)
what were the disadvantages of working in cities?
During times of recession workers were laid off
There were no saving opportunities for the working class( all the money was spent on basic ncessities)
Extremely unhygenic working conditions
Long working hours
What were the working hours and days of an average labourer in a city?
16 hours a day
6 days a week
What was the effect of industrialisation on the social division?
The trading and manufacturing class benefitted from industrilisation while the labouring class coontinued to suffer.
This increased social division
Give an example of poor relief
Speenhamland Poor Relief
Describe how the Speenhamland poor relief worked
Provided a supplement wage to labourers out of work
The amount of money provided varied with the price of bread at the given time
Provide figures for the increase in demand for coal
Coal output rose from 7 million tonnes in the 1780’s to 14 million in the 1800’s
Who introduced a new way of smelting iron?
When?
Henry Cort
1784
