Economic & Social Developments

Question 1

Provide evidence for industrialisation in Britain

Answer 1

Industial growth which had been at 2% for a long period of time increased to 4% during the 1780’s and 90’s

Question 2

When was the first census report?
What was the recorded population?

Answer 2

1801
10.9 million

Question 3

When was the second census report?
What was the rocorded population?

Answer 3

1811
12.6 million

Question 4

What was England’s largest industry by 1780

Answer 4

Cotton industry

Question 5

Describe the Cotton Industry in 1780?

Answer 5

Centred around small workshops and skilled artisans
This was referred to as the Cottage industry

Question 6

What were some problems of the cotton industry model of the cotton industry in 1780?

Answer 6

Low speed
Minimal quality control

Question 7

Give 3 key inventions that led to the industrialisation of the Cotton Industry?

Give years as well

Answer 7

Arkwright’s water frame (1769)
Crompton’s mule (1779) [most important invention in spinning]
Cartwright”s Power loom (1789)

Question 8

What were the two locations where the Cotton industry was centred around?

Answer 8

Lancashire
Lanarkshire

Question 9

Why was the cotton industry centred around Lincolnshire and Lanarkshire?

2 points

Answer 9

Proximity to waterways which would power machinery
Proximity to prominent sea ports which would have allowed easy access to raw materials and would make exporting products easier.

Question 10

What were possible reasons for the industrialisation of the cotton industry?

4 points

Answer 10

Increased availability of raw materials (slavery in the Caribbean)
Increased workforce due to population growth
Increased demand for clothes due to growing population
New inventions

Question 11

Give figures diplaying increased demand for iron in the period 1780-1815

Answer 11

Annual demand for pig iron increased from 68,000 tons in the 1780’s upto 250,000 tons in the early 1800’s

Question 12

Why was the iron industry closely associated with the coal industry?

Answer 12

Iron foundaries were built close to coalfields to easily access coal which was used to provide the energy for smelting iron.

Question 13

What were the four key areas where the iron industry became concentrated around?

Answer 13

Black country
South Wales
South Yorkshire
Clydeside

Question 14

Give an example for an Ironmaster who industrialised ironworks?

Answer 14

John Wilkinson

Question 15

Give figures for the increased demand of Coal

Answer 15

Annual demand for coal rose from 7 million tons in the 1780’s upto 14 million tons by 1812

Question 16

Comment on the change and continuity of large scale transport between the 1780’s and 1812

Answer 16

Mostly used canals system which was established in the 1780’s.

Question 17

Provide figures proving increased effieciency in farming

Answer 17

In 1800 one person could prodcue food for 2.5 people in comparison to 1.7 in the 1700’s

Question 18

How did industrilisation effect traditional farmers?
Provide figures for this

Answer 18

Forced to find work elesewhere as enclosures took over public land and farming became more effieicent.
For the forst time in 1800 more people were employed in industry than in agriculture

Question 19

What were the advantages of enclosures?

Answer 19

Increased productivity
Could grow throughout year as areas of land were not needed to be left fallow
Increasing populatjons in cities had a larger variety of food to eat

Question 20

How big was the middle class by 1800

Answer 20

25% of the population

Question 21

What were the advantages of working in cities rather than in agricultural lands?

Answer 21

higher wages
Consistent work (agriculutral labourers had more work during harvest season and not much work during other periods)

Question 22

what were the disadvantages of working in cities?

Answer 22

During times of recession workers were laid off
There were no saving opportunities for the working class( all the money was spent on basic ncessities)
Extremely unhygenic working conditions
Long working hours

Question 23

What were the working hours and days of an average labourer in a city?

Answer 23

16 hours a day
6 days a week

Question 24

What was the effect of industrialisation on the social division?

Answer 24

The trading and manufacturing class benefitted from industrilisation while the labouring class coontinued to suffer.
This increased social division

Question 25

Give an example of poor relief

Answer 25

Speenhamland Poor Relief

Question 26

Describe how the Speenhamland poor relief worked

Answer 26

Provided a supplement wage to labourers out of work
The amount of money provided varied with the price of bread at the given time

Question 27

Provide figures for the increase in demand for coal

Answer 27

Coal output rose from 7 million tonnes in the 1780’s to 14 million in the 1800’s

Question 28

Who introduced a new way of smelting iron?
When?

Answer 28

Henry Cort
1784

Question 29

When was the first modern canal (in england) built?

Answer 29

1761

Question 30

What percentage of the industrial workforce was children?

Answer 30

20%

Question 31

What was considered an accpetable age for children to start working?

Answer 31

6 years

Question 32

how much more did men earn than women for the same work?

Answer 32

twice as much

Question 33

How much more did men earn than children for the same work?

Answer 33

ten times as much

Question 34

what is a rare example of a factory that supported it’s child labourers than exploit them?

Answer 34

New Lanark Mills

Question 35

Who established the New Lanark Mills and when?

Answer 35

David Dale
1784

Question 36

What are the arguments for an improved standerd of living from the 1780’s upto the 1850’s?

Answer 36

Increased manufacturing and agricultural output even when compared against the rise in population
The increase in people employed in industry increased suggesting that more people had a stable wage

Question 37

what are the arguments for the worsened living standards from the 1780’s upto the 1850’s?

Answer 37

Worsened working conditions negated effects of slightly improved living conditions.
There was a definitive stangnation of real wages after the beginning of the war with France
Regular bad harvests (95-96 & 99-00)
Incresed grain prices due to war which led to the increase of price of bread
Increased taxation

Question 38

Provide figures displaying increasing grain price

Answer 38

Price per quarter in
1790’s - £2.70
1811 - £4.70
1812 - £6.30

Question 39

When was a tax on incomes first introduced?

Answer 39

1798