Political Partys Topic

Question 1

What is a political party

Answer 1

A group of people organised under policys to put up candidates for an election

Question 2

Describe in short the “left wing” ideas

Answer 2

Emphasises importantance of creating and equal and fair society throufh positive state intervention

Included higher taxatuon on wealthy and provision or wellfare

Question 3

Describe right wing ideas

Answer 3

Derive from conservative and liberal ideology
Limit exxcessive government keep taxes low and protect the individual rights
Emphasise values of tradition aswell as law and order
Strong defence

Question 4

How do parties support uk democracy in terms of policy formulation

Answer 4

Politcial partys are one of the key means in whicb political goals are set for eg net zeorr
By offering a manefesto of policy at the beginning of a campaign the party can effectively be judged on there performance and action to be held accountable . This gives the electorate a meaningful choice beetween potential governments

Rise in number of parties gives people a choice of determined partyd to choose from

Question 5

How do uk partys not support policy formulation

Answer 5

As major party’s distance themselves from trad ideas they have become less interested in formulating larger goals for society and partys moved from presenting a specific policy outline to taking a social vote winning stance

Question 6

How do recruitment of leaders in uk partys support democracy

Answer 6

All senior political careers start with decision to join a political party alsmost impossible to find an independent major polictian and partys act as a training ground for future leaders

Question 7

How do recruitment of leaders not support uk democracy

Answer 7

Parties often choose most popular over most competant
Membership of parties only match up to 2% of adult population not that democratic

Question 8

how do polparties help support/ dont support democrocy in terms of organisation of govt

Answer 8

help to form effective governemnt.
give governments a degree of stablitiy using mechnaisms such as cmr nd imr

helps to organise leglislative rpomises that people vote on/ however the effectivenes of a party governeed can always be questioned and it doesnt always pan out wll for exmaple the torys had three primemisters in 3 years so was hardly an example of a politica part providing an organised government

Question 9

how do political partys promote participation and mobilisation help/hinder democracy

Answer 9

people sre more likely to get involed if they have a specific party invlved that they an choose and these parties provide a platfoorm or avenue to chanel what they believe in for example having the green party for enviromentalists or labour and torys for thoe whop are left or right / less liekly these days given the 21st centurty partizan detachment where people are now les likely to be attached to a paeticular party

Question 10

reasons why political partys supoort uk democracy

Answer 10

promote participation from the g p
they educate public on key issues in the world of politics thtough their platform

provide representation by responding to public demands
they have policty platforms that give the electorate a freedom of choice
eg conservative maifesto pledged to legalise gay marriage and introduce highher tuition fees aswell as redicing top rate of tax down to 45% up from the 50% of gordon brown

Question 11

argument for political partys hindering uk democracy

Answer 11

voters loyalty and identification with one specific party has been on a steady decline since 1950
the emergence of presureg roups like just stop oil suggest that people are beginning to feel less and less alighned with partys and search for other avenues of represenation
they now hinder democracty and just say what people want them to say to win votes but never actually following up on it leading to scandals about broken maifesto promises etc.

Question 12

how are political partys currently funded [publically]

Answer 12

policy development grants: allocations of 2million£ to all major parties so they can employ policy advisors
short money: money allocated to oppostion for work in hoc leader gets £800000 to fund office.

2023-24 labour recieved 7.6 million in short money
greens recieved 200k
cranbourne money: subsidys for funding the oppoiton hol parties

Question 13

how else are parties funded

Answer 13

parties also defend on election campaign funding from the subscription payments of their members aswell as party donations

in 2023 : tories8.8 million labour 7.4 million reform party 100000 and greens 220000

Question 14

how does the scale and rnage of party donatons undermine pluralist democracy

Answer 14

large donations could lead to an expecatin of greater influence on policies eg quid pro quo politics undermining the fair balance of politis and thus reudcing democracy and if parties are unequally funded they cant failry compete either

Question 15

how has the [ppera 2000} politcal parties elections and referendum act 2000 provided the funding of parties with much greater transparancy

Answer 15

the independant electoral commissin set up to moniter money spent by parties at elections
sets a limit for 54000 per party in each constituency
overseas donations banned
donations of over 11000 must be declared publically

Question 16

what is the tony blair eccelston scandle

Answer 16

f1 in 1997 , eecleston donated 1million pounds to the labur party ahead of 1997 landslide election , and formula one mystyeriluly became exempt from all bans on cigarette advertising and tobacco advertisement , showed promotion of elitiesim and blair faced huge amounts of crtisism

Question 17

arguments for partys only being funded by the state

Answer 17

> prevents eliteism and would thus help to safeguard pluralist democracy and remove concerns about quid pro quo politics
it woul reduce party reliance on big, money interests and wouldnt cost the public a big amount of money , half a penny each

donations in 2014:such influence demosntrated in 2014 when sir micheal Hintze billionare hedge fud manager donted 1.5mil to the tories and then recieved a 150 million tax break evidenceing cronissm and eliteism
it would also promote pluralism as the other partes n the uk woul reciece funding givng them a fairer shot at prooting hteir policies and would let smaller prartys compete at a natonal scale

means every party csn compete at a national scale

Question 18

arguments against partys only being state funded

Answer 18

unfsir for bigger prties to rely on same amount of funds as smaller parties
donsting to prties can actually be seen as democratic as it is a form of freedom of expression

would be funded by taxpayers money and can cause etghicsl issues for exmaple labours pro israel srtance may upset muslim voters who msy not want theri money a s atax payer to bedistrubuted to all partys.
state funding based on seats in hoc would further entrench fptp two party system bias

effective regulatin from the ppra already existys

party doation is an avenue of partiiptiion that shouldnt br encouraged in a participation crisis

Question 19

when did the conservative party emerge and who found it

Answer 19

emerged in 1830 the official conerative partt led bty robert peel

Question 20

what happened with the conservatives beetween 1874 -1990

Answer 20

1874-one nation conservatism founded by benjamin disraeli
1950s- higfh point of one nartion and primenister harold macmilln and anthony eden contiud lots of laours post ww2 nartionalisation policies but
1979- thatcher wins three elections and founds new right conservstivesm and uk industry is largely privatised labour had minimal power and were in a bad state
1990- thatcher thrown out of party by own cab who stated she had lost her touch but she had a lasted impact on the consevative party john major slihhlty more one nstion than thacther but he evetnulal was kicked out

Question 21

conservative party from 1990-2010

Answer 21

1992- major shocks the world with a slim ge win but labours popularity is rising dramatically
1997-tb wins a lanslide elction and the tories are reduced to a minor rol eas opposition
2010- david cameron leads party to winning most seats but fails to get the 50 % needed to form a working majority so forms a coolition with the libdems.

Question 22

conservatives 2011-2024

Answer 22

2015- a suprise majority for torys amid eu panic
2016- brexit leave referendum backfires forcing cameron to resign as pm and theresa may takes over
2017- ge cslled early and may looses majoirty os forms a cs deal with dup she fails to get brexitdone
2019- may pushed out and johnson takes over he called s decemeber election winning a large 80 seat majority
2022- bojo resigns after scnadle after scandle pincher gate etc
2024 - rishi looses elction to starmer landslide

Question 23

what does one nation conservatism involve

Answer 23

aimed at avoiding two nations of rch v poor and pro,otes middle class success , where th emost well off recognise there ability to support less well off. a willingness to be pragmatic without fixed ideas and chsnge policies based on circumstances

Question 24

what does the principle of noblesse oblige mean

Answer 24

nobility oblges nobliity extends far beyond entitlements and requieres the person who holds such status to fulfill responsibilitys

Question 25

what sort of policies reflect one nation ideas

Answer 25

slighlty higher taxation than new right to fund greater economic intervention

Question 26

why do modern conservatives like calling themselves one nation

Answer 26

they often want to distance themseves from the "nasty party" they also want to appear less polarising and appesr to the centre left and central voter basis distance from the unprogressive nature of the new right

Question 27

what 1970s event led to the emergence of the new right and what is the movement sometims known as

Answer 27

economic decline and social permisseveness of the swinging 60s thatcherism

Question 28

what are neoliberal values what policies reflect them

Answer 28

minimal state intervention into the economy belief in the benefits of free trade and markets private ownership and competiion improve standards and breath effiecneny low taxes, privatisation, reduced trade union role

Question 29

what are neoconservative values and policies

Answer 29

traditional family values , strong law and order, strong defence policy, national soevergnty, self reliance euro scepmintism, harsher criminal sentences, minimal wellfare provsion

Question 30

2019: evidence of one nation conservative influence and the cnflicitngf evidence to pair

Answer 30

2019: - manifesto pledge to increas enumber of nurses by 50k an example of further public investment, - manifesto pledges to create an extra 250000 chikdcare places to combot corbyns attractivesnnes to younger voters / however the tories economics suggestd otherwise bojo placed a strong emphasis on not raising income tax or vat or NI reflecting neoliberal economic values

Question 31

tory policies relfecting one naion influence 2020-21

Answer 31

2020-21: tories spent over 300£ on the furlough scheme to pay up to 80% of wages to save their jobs this was an example of monumental govt intervention. other intervnton like eat out to help out - bojo u tured on free school meals after influence rom marcus rashford mbes campaign , contued suporot for poor families - boj breaks a 2019 manifesto pledge and rasies ni by 1.25% to raise 12 bn for health care -bojos level up agenda noblise oblige/ bojo ended 20£ uplift univrsal credit patments towards the end of the pandemic demonstrated a limited commitment to helping the public / lizz truzz cuts top rate of ijncome tax from 45 to 40 % demonstrsting pro busniess laizee faire economics with less of a throttle on the free market

Question 32

2022 examples of one nation influence

Answer 32

2022: signifcnt tax rises to help the poor in costoflivs such as windfall tax on big energy companies aswell as price caps thus demosntrating market intervention policies / but critics clain the tories werent xactually commited ot this and were instead just trying to minimise the size of the partys ge defeat in 2024 following scandle after scandle

Question 33

2024 ge evidence of one nation and counters

Answer 33

pldege to deliver 1.6 million new homes -supoort to pensioners by protecting the triple lock pension scheme increase the nhs spending 92000 nurses and 28000 doctors 40 new hosptials by 2030 increased nhs spending / 2024 ban on prisoner votng pldege to show a tough stance on crime a pledge to refrm disablity besnifits and limit total claiments

Question 34

2015-19 evidence of new right influence

Answer 34

2015: camerons tories anded out tax breaks for married couples suggesitng an emphasis on protecitng the traidiotnal fmily unity and nucleaer strucutre that neo consertvstive social values entailed. 2016- party backed brexit after eu referndum whihc was anew right idea as thathcerism reuqirres one to be euro skeptic base don the liberal alues and enphaiss on multiculturalism and freedom of movement. 2019: manifesto pledges to not raise taxes neoliberal economics

Question 35

2015-18 evidence aganst new right influence

Answer 35

2010-15 cooliion cameron legalised gay marriage breakiing from traditional family values 2018- mays tory govt changed law allowing heteros to get a civil partnership showing a weskened commitment ot the value of marriage

Question 36

2019-2022 evidence of new right ideas

Answer 36

2019: manifeto party promised not to raise taxes 2022: police crime and sentencing courts bill introduced tougher sentences for sexual and violent crimes act introduced tougher sentences for sexual and violent crimes neo conervstive as tough on justice 2022: mini budget hailed 45 bn of tax cuts and scrapping arise in cooportation tax

Question 37

2019-2022 conflction to the new right influnce

Answer 37

2021: boj increases ni by 1.25 pecent raising 12 bn to fund health and social care but trusses mini budget was critisised by many tory mps oushing her out suggesitng her belives didnt reflect the direction of the party micheal gove called her not conservative chancellor jeremy hut reversed tax rises and took a Uturn on policies suggestig how th emodern conservtive party werent influenced by the new right

Question 38

labour party 1900-1994

Answer 38

1900- labour party founded as the wroing class wanted a party that represented their intetrests 1924- first labour govt with ramsey mcdonald end of ww2 labour govt brought in ge won clement atlee became pm nationalised many aspects of economy and introduced the wellfare state 1983- micheal fox leads labour for worst ge defeat ever as he proudced the comunist like amniesto or the longest suicide notw in history 1994- tony blair becomes leader of labour and pushes the party to the centre and creates new labour

Question 39

labour party1997-2024

Answer 39

1997- labour win a 179 seat super majority in the 1997 election 2003- labour send uk to iraq war 2007-blair replaced by gordan brown 2010- looses ge as a result of alleged economic incompetancy financial crash 2015- labour loose ge and corbyn is elected leader and brings party bak t old labour 2017- he wins 40% vote 2019 bojo wins 2024 -1 79 seat supermajority

Question 40

old labour

Answer 40

old labour is assocaited with left wing principles of positive state intervention in the economy in order to create a more fair and equal society through higher taxes on the wealthy , nationalisationa nd greatr wellfare services ultimetly old labour is focused on protecting and improving the lives and interests of the working class

Question 41

key ideas of new labour and their important policies

Answer 41

nationalisation; whereby the state run key industrys redistrubutive taxation; the wealthy pay a greater share of taxation close links wit trade unions because they also share with public interest 1945-1950: introducung the nhs and nationalising 20% of the economy including industrys such aa energy and transport 1976-79 the fund extensive wellfare the top rate of tax reached 83%

Question 42

new labour

Answer 42

the catastrophic defeat labour faced in the 1983 election forced them to be pushed to the centre ground and leader tony blair was influenced by socialst principles and by thatchers neoliberal economic theory

Question 43

new labour policies

Answer 43

instead of nationalisation privatiastion was encouraged blair ended the clause four of nationalisation from lbours constituion and instead accepted the free markets economic policies blair kept the top rate of tax at 40% instad of an influence from trade unions blair prioritised all citiezns. however some traditionnal socialist values remained such as a coommitment to introducing the national minimum wage and increasing s[endin onpublic services

Question 44

what were some of jeremey corbyns labours 2019 policies and analyse ether they are old or new labour

Answer 44

> increased the health budget by 4.3% scrap prescription charges and cut private provision in the nhs/ thi is old labour as it emphasises a commitment to nationaliastion and removal of privatisiation ;refelcts belief that healh services should be run solely in public interests and not for the public > hold a second brexit referndum under corbyn most of the party was pro eu but corbyn as an old labour beleiver disliked the unions emhpasis on free market economics and frowned on state involvment in th economy raise the minimum wage to 10£; old reflecting a value of workers rights but also new labour as it was blairs originall policy he was argubly piggybacking off off introduce a national care service; old labour as higher taxation would be required to fund it meaning it qould also be nationalised nationalise key industries; such as rail royal mail and broadband/ this is an old labour policy reflecting a re emphasis on nationalisatio and clause 4 being renewed scra tuition fees; old labou as it was balirs new labour that inroduced them

Question 45

keir starmer asses policys on wether he is old or new labour

Answer 45

people beelive keir is more mephasiisg the centre ground and in 2022 "labour is the party of the centre ground" .give 16-17 year olds the right to vote/ perhaps old labour as it emphasises on rghts for all and especially young people .no increase on national ensurance income tax or vat/ new labour as shows keeping tories economics introudce gender and ethnicity pay gap reports for all major employers/old labour as it emphasises equality .renationalise rail and create a state owned energy firm great biritish energy;/ old labour as an influence in public services cut nhs waiting times/ highlights an improvement in public services suggesting an old labour influence deliveer new hospitals program abolis no fault evictions- this is protecting the regular person and takin gprotection away from the owner so helps poor renters have secutirty and thus old labour

Question 46

arguements for labour being old or new labour

Answer 46

old . p, jeremy orbyn peddged in 2017 to bring the top rate of tax to 50% instead of the 40% of tony blair , this encouraged redistributive taxation to protect the working class so old labour , however on eevaltuion to this is that it doent actually represent current u turn where starmer has pledged not to increase the taxation like corbyn did he has insread kept the tax at 45% like torys. suggesting th estronger ideas is that to wi the ge labour has shifted towards the centre ground and keir stramrer representss that and a policy to ensure the tax payer gets the value for money. starmer pledged toughher prison snetences aspects , tories broke lbours red wall 2019 so it was essentia for labour to centralise after seeing the mistakes of crobyn years earlier

Question 47

lib dems timeline

Answer 47

3march1988-social democrat party and liberal party merge to create lib dems after both partys had lost seats in 1987 election 1988-Paddy ashdem as libdem leader 88-99 1992- party won 18% votes and 22 sets] 1997 46 seats nich clegg cooliton] 2022-gained a council accross britain. 2022-local electiojs

Question 48

classical liberalism

Answer 48

in 1800s, associated with limited governement has limited power minimal govermenet with little wellfare and the governement not beng very involved in the economy negative freedom- to bef ree is to have no constraints or laws in place limiting what you cand o these are classic liberalism

Question 49

modern liberalism

Answer 49

during 1900s liberals adapted aprodach in order to see the state as having a responsibility in intervening to create freedom]an interventionis tgovenrkeent was acceptied with an eleement of redisreivbutive taxation positive freedom : to be free is not ot have no restricitng laws in place but to have the choices and resources ot achieve your potential this therefore justifies governement intervention into the economy and sociery in order to provide the disadvantaged poor with fredom of oppurtunity

Question 50

suggest wether current li dems are classic or modern by lookin gat hteir polices

Answer 50

recognise non binary identities in law; promotion of positive fredom, setting a 20% higher minimum wage for people on zero hour contracts alll examples of modernliberalism review ni of contracters empolyers and employees to create fairness expand sickpay open up to 1 million more workers these are alle xamples of modern liberalism ban public police facial recognition 24/7 survrlacne to protect the civil liberites of the population aswell as cutting busniess rates to promote business and business competions all evidence of modern liberalism

Question 51

evidence of growing minor party influence

Answer 51

in 1951 labour and tories gained 97% vote but in 2024 lab and toies only got 56% and reform get 14percent

Question 52

reasons for growing minor party influence

Answer 52

with lab and cons becoming more similar and converging on the centre ground their is room for minor parties to preresent the intrests f those on the outside of the cetre left and centre right, eg UKIP gained popularity by supporting a policy of leaving the eu which wasnt supported by main parties

Question 53

ways in which minor parties have gained influence

Answer 53

co-optation and pressure : refers to when main parties use the policies of a minor party eg concerns ove the greens popularity the tories and labour copied these green iniatives. minor partys can also pressure a main party into supporting a policy in their interests for examle the big supoort for ukip 12.6% threatned tories platform on the right thi sforced them to adopt a pro referendum stance

Question 54

ways in which minor parties have influence : governing and democracy

Answer 54

devolution and the use of new proportional systems have made it so tha tinor parties have gained more influence eg snp in scotland have recieved the sole govt of sctoland from 2007 election elections regarding uk thew libdems recieved cooliton with tories and dup recied a cand s deal with them in 2017 democracy; minor parties give a voice to those who feel underpresatnented in modern society eg voters who supoortd leaving eu perhaps felt under representted by main parties so ukip provided an

Question 55

evidenc eof decreased minor party influence

Answer 55

in 2017 tories and and labour got 82% of vote and in 2015 the yhad had just 68 so this higlihghts that the minor party influence spike was largely due to the eu pressure

Question 56

what are the barries to minor party influence

Answer 56

under hte biased system of fptp results are then disproportionate and the main parties usually recieve more seats than votes wheres minor partys due to a lack of geogrsphically dense support usually recieve no where near enouh seats in porporrtion to their share of the the vote. lack of consistsnt suport: mino rpartys often unite on one particular issue more or less so that when they achieve there goal the yloose all momenetum for example in 2015 ukip got 12.6 % ote but once refernedum only got 2% in 2017 lack of finance and history mino rparys often cant compete withtthe major ones in terms of supoort tories and labour lab 7.6 million in 2023 tories 8.8 but greens just 200k media: play a hufge role in influencing positona voters and the main papers usually endorse one of the two main candiadtes whihc provided a vbarrier to entry for a minor party leader to gain suport, eval nigel farage had the most media attention atm tactical voting also plays a hug eimpact

Question 57

examples of minor party influence

Answer 57

lib dems in coolition dup cs deal 2024 all major partys enviromwental policies in manifesto when bojo became pm tories supported harder brexit than under may because of the brexit party ukip popular over voters feeling less behind 2015 tories pledged ot hold eu referndum

Question 58

snp case study

Answer 58

victory in 2007 and then a follo wup of 4 consecutive elections in scotland a party that wanted indepenedence and priorityised a better deal for scotland nicola sturgen first minister since 2014 and they called for the 2014 independance referudnu but that failed thety then lost populairty due to the nichola sturgen scandal and from 56/59 hoc seats in 2015 they now have 9

Question 59

ukip party profile

Answer 59

leading up to the 2015 uk ge the ukip party provided a major avenue of support for the eu skeptic population and most of these supporters were right wing and thry were concerned vbout the euro view of freedom of movemenet