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Politics > Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism > Flashcards

Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism Flashcards

1
Q

What does change to conserve mean?

A

The fundamental principle of conservatism. It indicates a belief for something valuable to be preserved, it has to be continuously updated and maintained.

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2
Q

When did conservatism emerge?

A
  1. ‘The Englightenment’

2. ‘The Terror’

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3
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the conservative view of human nature?

A
  1. Humans are fragile and frail.
  2. There is no perfect utopia.
  3. Conservatives see humans for what they are, not what they could be.
  4. Human nature is fixed and cannot be moulded to society, so society should adapt.
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4
Q

What is the Conservative key think 1 called?

A

Thomas Hobbs

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5
Q

When was Thomas Hobbs writing?

A

1588-1679

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6
Q

What are the 3 main points Hobbs has towards Human Nature?

A
  1. Human nature is selfish, competitive and calculating.
  2. Without restraint through authority, human relationships are fuelled with envy, hatred and war which leads to a nasty life.
  3. Humans are rational so they will consent to authority.
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7
Q

According to Hobbs, without restraint, how is human nature?

A

envy, hatred and war filled

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8
Q

Who is the 2nd Conservative key thinker?

A

Edmund Burke

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9
Q

When was Edmund Burke writing?

A

1729-79

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10
Q

What is Edmund Burke dubbed as?

A

True father of conservatism

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11
Q

Which religious saying did Burke draw his teachings on Human Nature from?

A

The Original Sin.

That customs, beliefs and traditions provide humans with signposts for how to live.

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12
Q

What did Burke gather from studying the Enlightenment regarding Human Nature?

A

That human nature is not guided by reason so were unable to build a perfect society.

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13
Q

Who is the 3rd Conservative key thinker?

A

Michael Oakeshott

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14
Q

When was Michael Oakeshott writing?

A

1901-90

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15
Q

How did Oakeshott view Conservatism?

A

As a psychology rather than an ideology.

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16
Q

How does Oakeshott believe society would be without authority?

A

Loud, noisy

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17
Q

How does Oakeshott believe society changes with the introduction of laws?

A

Begine and benevolent

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18
Q

“Humans prefer what they know rather than the uncertain”, which Conservative said this about Human Nature?

A

Oakeshott (Michael)

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19
Q

Who is the 4th Conservative key thinker?

A

Ayn Rand

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20
Q

Who is the 5th Conservative key thinker?

A

Robert Nozick

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21
Q

When was Conservative Ayn Rand writing?

A

1905-92

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22
Q

When was Conservative Robert Nozick writing?

A

1938-02

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23
Q

Which two Conservative key thinkers took this view of Human Nature, “They believe authority is needed as we’re freedom-loving pack animals” and “Desire for individual freedom, innovation and enterprise.”?

A

Ayn Rand and Robert Nozick

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24
Q

What do the Conservatives promote in regards to society?

A

Stability, security and order.

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25
Q

Why is Localism important to Conservatives when studying Society?

A

A collection of communities that restrain selfishness- through working together.

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26
Q

What does Organicism have to do with Conservatives when talking about Society?

A

Society emerges through time gradually, humans don’t like change.

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27
Q

“View societal changes as being evidence based, mixed with practical solutions which solve the issue at hand rather than ideological steps to build the perfect nirvana.”

What is this statement talking about in regards to Conservatism and Society?

A

Empiricism

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28
Q

Why is Tradition important to Conservatives when studying Society?

A

Customs and habits enable security for individuals.

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29
Q

What does Hierarchy have to do with Conservatives when talking about Society?

A

Inequality is inevitable where the wise establish a hierarchy of power. The less fortunate also have key responsibilities.

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30
Q

Why is Judeo-Christian Mortality important to Conservatives when studying Society?

A

Religion provides social cohesion which promotes individual responsibility, as well as promoting traditional values such as marriage and family.

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31
Q

“….. provides a steak in society, and security through home ownership and inheritance for family. Nozick and Rand claim ….. promotes individualisation and safety for the system.” What is this talking about, linking Conservatism to Society?

A

Property

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32
Q

Give the 4 core ideas of each ideology.

A
  1. Human nature
  2. Society
  3. The state
  4. The economy
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33
Q

Will you ever have to compare ideologies in your exam?

A

No, only the different bands within the ideology

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34
Q

Can you give the 4 parts/aims/goals of the state?

A
  1. Order and authority
  2. Organic origins
  3. Ruling class
  4. A nation state
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35
Q

Should the state be adapting to the individuals or should the individuals be adapting to the state, in the eyes of conservatives?

A

State should adapt to individuals.

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36
Q

Why does the state exist according to conservatives, regarding the role of order and authority?

A

To promote order, security and authority.
Hobbes claims that without authority there is no liberty.
The state must also be strong to uphold laws.

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37
Q

What does Organic Origins mean and why is it important to conservatives when analysing the state?

A

This is the idea that the State is not an artificial construct. This is important as conservatives believe change should only be taken when necessary, and they don’t actively encourage it.

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38
Q

“…. are comfortable with a ruling class and hierarchy”. Who is this about?

A

Conservatives studying the State.

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39
Q

Why, to Conservatives studying the State, is a creation of a bond important, and what ‘creates’ the bond?

A 
The bond is called the Nation State.
It is important to Conservatives as it reduces the stress on class differences to build a shared identity.
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40
Q

Why does Capitalism fit ‘nicely’ with Conservatism?

A
  1. Capitalism thrives on inequality.

2. Capitalism increases private ownership.

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41
Q

Why were Conservatives originally wary of Capitalism?

A

It may unsettle the organic nature of society.

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42
Q

How did Conservatives decide to adapt Capitalism when ‘adopting it’?

A

They wanted to moderate a measure of state intervention such as limited free trade- which they believe would build up the States wealth and independence.

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43
Q

After the Keynesian approach was adopted, which branch of Conservatism began to question it in the 1970s (UK), and what changed after that?

A

The State scaled back on the size of state and reduces its actions in welfare and social policy.

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44
Q

What reforms were brought in the 1800s after fears that a revolution could take place in the UK? Give 2.

A
  1. The Great Reform Act 1832

2. The Metropolitan Police in 1828

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45
Q

When was Disraeli writing?

A

1804-81

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46
Q

What fundamental idea did Disraeli introduce to limit the chances of revolution?

A

The Conservatives began to introduce the idea of ‘patriotism’ which would bring together all groups (regardless of class) and form cohesion. EG; UK against the World.

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47
Q

Who said this statement, “The wealthy have power to elevate the W/C, which would enable society to develop harmoniously”.?

A

Disraeli, speaking about Patriotism

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48
Q

How many State in the world are considered to be Liberal?

A

2/3

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49
Q

What was the Enlightenment?

A

A defined belief in reason and science rather than religion or superstition.

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50
Q

What is the Mechanist theory?

A

The idea that citizens can make their own states, which reflect the make-up of mankind. This rebuff the notions such as the Divine Right of Kings.

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51
Q

Which invention helped the movement of free speech?

A

The Printing Press

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52
Q

1632-1704. Who was writing at this time?

A

John Locke

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53
Q

Who are the 5 key thinkers of Liberalism?

A
  1. Locke
  2. Smith
  3. Wollstonecraft
  4. Friedan
  5. Stuart-Mill
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54
Q

What would Locke’s ideal state have? Give 3 points.

A
  1. Limited power of state
  2. Clear separation of powers foe the State
  3. State of law that respects natural rights
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55
Q

Why does Locke believe that laws are important?

A

Laws enable people to know right from wrong, and protect everyone else’s freedom from people who may abuse it. EG: Murder or abuse

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56
Q

Why does Locke suggest private property is so important?

A

It builds a sense of identity and ownership.

It also ensures people feel that they have a ‘place’ that is theirs.

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57
Q

What is it called when you work hard and receive a reward?

A

Meritocracy.

Locke suggest that private property is a reward for this.

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58
Q

What does ‘egotistical individual’ mean?

A

This is the idea that humans are self-seeking and drawn by their own egos. Rationality enables us to satisfy our own needs, but not at the extent of others pursuit to happiness.

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59
Q

Why is Liberalism viewed as optimistic?

A

It argues that as Human Nature is adaptable, people can grow and change through challenge. As they’re rational beings, they’re able to do this effectively

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60
Q

How does Hobbes view natural society?

A

Nasty, brutish and short

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61
Q

Who came up with the idea of Individualisation?

A

Stuart-Mill

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62
Q

How does Stuart-Mill believe society should be geared to individuals?

A

Society should be geared toward helping and supporting individuals, notably the right to property.

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63
Q

What are the 3 aims for individualisation?

A
  1. Maximise the number of individuals achieving self-determination (control of their own lives).
  2. Maximise the number of individuals achieving self realisation (discovering our true selves)
  3. Maximise the number of individuals reaching and attainting self-fulfilment (contributing and happy in society)
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64
Q

Who came up with the ‘Trickle down effect and invisible hand of the market’?

A

Adam Smith

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65
Q

What does the “invisible hand of the market mean and trickle down effect mean”?

A

That is obstacles were removed, the market forces would guide traders to success which would result in wealth trickling down to others, and create a prospering nation.

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66
Q

Why do Liberalists support the idea of private property?

A

This is a natural right- which were suggested by Locke. The idea of private ownership and property is key to capitalism as it believes people have a steak in society in which they will want to invest further.
It links to the idea of Mill’s individualisation, as it promotes individual space which is not accessed by the state.

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67
Q

Can you give a recent example of a One Nation Conservative?

A

David Cameron

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68
Q

What were the 4 concerns for Conservatism post-war?

A
  1. Birth of Labour
  2. Extension of the franchise
  3. Emergence of fascism
  4. Emergence of communism
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69
Q

Who came up with the ‘middle-way’ Conservatism?

A

Macmillan

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70
Q

When was Macmillan writing?

A

1894-1196

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71
Q

What is the name of the attempt that Conservatism made to branch togther socialism and liberalism?

A

Middle Way Conservatism

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72
Q

What embraced tackling social inequality as well as maintaining private property, traditions, and national identity.

A

Middle Way Conservatism

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73
Q

Middle-way conservatism is an example of change to conserve. True or False?

A

True

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74
Q

What is Christian Democracy?

A

A type of Conservatism highly dominant in the rest of Western Europe

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75
Q

What does traditional Conservative values does Christian Democracy entail? Pick 3.

A
  1. Hierarchy
  2. Family
  3. Private Property
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76
Q

What 2 things does Christian Democracy reject that One Nation Conservatism accepts?

A
  1. Nationalism (CD likes Supranationalism)

2. Equality regardless of Gender (self explanatory)

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77
Q

Does Christian Democracy accept an enlarged state, and why is this key?

A

Yes. After the war the areas were incredibly poor and people were suffering. The enlarged state enables more people to get access to social help.

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78
Q

Why is Christian Democracy called Christian Democracy?

A

As Christian Democracy doesn’t accept the idea of nationalism (due to Fascist Dictators) and rather supranationalism, the states look toward religion to create social cohesion.

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79
Q

When was Michael Oakeshott writing?

A

1901-90

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80
Q

What is Oakeshott’s first name?

A

Michael

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81
Q

“Conservativism is a philosophy of imperfection”. Who said this, and what does it mean?

A

Embrace the imperfection in society.

and Oakeshott

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82
Q

Did Oakeshott believe in a pragmatic, empirical approach, or an ideological approach?

A

Pragmatic, empirical.
(Means decisions are made based on the issues at the time and previous ways which dealt with similar issues may be used, rather than ways which fits to the ideology.)

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83
Q

In simple terms, what does “Keep the Ship afloat”, and who said it?

A

Oakeshott
It mean changes should only be made when a section of society is malfunctioning, rather than changing things to make society ‘better’.

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84
Q

How did Hobbes’ view of Human Nature vary from Oakeshott?

A

Hobbes:
Humans- Immoral
Humans without society- Nasty, Brutish and Short

Oakeshott:
Humans- Foolish
Humans without society- Noisy, Loud

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85
Q

Did Oakeshott have a optimistic view of Human Nature?

A

Yes.
He believed Conservatism is positive as it celebrates the things we already have in life, rather than the things that we don’t have.

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86
Q

How did Oakeshott use Organic Origins to explain human nature?

A

Oakeshott claimed that using Organic Origins in society and gradual change, human nature could find peach and pleasure in society.

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87
Q

Is Conservatism Compatible with Capitalism? Give me one yes and one no answer.

A

Oui- Capitalism is based on private property which Conservatives support.
Non- Capitalism is considered economic liberalism, and focuses on individuals rather than communities (unlike conservatism)

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88
Q

“Capitalism creates inequality, which Conservatives see as a natural and organic element of life.” Is this showing Conservatism is compatible with Capitalism?

A

Yes

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89
Q

Can you give me 2 examples of how Conservatism is not compatible with Capitalism?

A
  1. Capitalism creates economic and social divisions which can harm ‘One Nation thinking’
  2. Capitalism is dynamic and volatile which can threaten the order that Conservatives crave.
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90
Q

Can you give me 3 examples of how Conservatism is compatible with Capitalism?

A
  1. Capitalism is at the heart of the economy for years which shows tradition.
  2. Capitalism provides the elite with wealth which they can use to support the WC (paternalism)
  3. New Right Conservatism is keen to extend private property and free market forces, which is linked to individual freedom.
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91
Q

“Capitalism leans towards global identity which threatens national identity”. Is this showing Conservatism is compatible with Capitalism?

A

No, its showing how Conservatism isn’t compatible with Capitalism

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92
Q

“Capitalism promotes a meritocracy which threatens hereditary ruling classes”. Is this showing Conservatism is compatible with Capitalism?

A

No, its showing how Conservatism isn’t compatible with Capitalism.

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93
Q

What does Pragmatism mean?

A

Dealing with a problem in a sensible way that suits the conditions.

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94
Q

Give me 5 simple explanations of why Conservatism ISNT the party of Pragmatism.

A
  1. Traditional Conservatism rejects revolution to protect society based on certain principles.
  2. Socialists see Conservatism as a ruling class ideology.
  3. Pragmatism can cause conflict with Conservatives inner emotions.
  4. Traditional Conservatism is based on philosophical contentious assertions.
  5. New Right draws on neo-liberal doctrines and has its set ideas which are in ‘stone’.
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95
Q

Give me 2 simple explanations why Conservatism IS the party of Pragmatism.

A
  1. Conservatives have argued empirical approaches can cause dramatic change.
  2. Diveristy in economic approaches shows that pragmatism occurs.
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96
Q

Give me 2 examples of why Oakeshott believes that the Conservatives are the party of Pragmatism.

A
  1. Pragmatism delivers the best interests without over-stepping the control threshold.
  2. Flexible. This enables historical continuity to occur, as well as allowing tradition.
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97
Q

Give me 1 example of how Burke claimed Conservatism was the party of Pragmatism.

A

Burke claimed abstract philosophy ignored human perfection.

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98
Q

What examples can be used to show how pragmatism occurs when observing economic change?

A
  1. Peel- supported the Laissez-Faire

2. Macmillan supported a Keynesian approach.

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99
Q

Which two countries did the New Right conservativism originate from?

A

US and UK

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100
Q

What two other ideologies does New Right Conservatism absorb?

A

Neo-liberalism

Neo-Conservatism

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101
Q

What aspects of Neo Liberalism are intertwined with New Right?

A

Morality.

  • Heterosexuality
  • Nuclear family
  • Patriotism
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102
Q

When did New Right Conservatism originate in the UK, and why?

A

1970s.
It originated during the Middle Eastern oil crisis, which led to some conservatives rejecting the Post war consensus, as they believed the Government shouldn’t be propping up failing business.

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103
Q

What New Right ideas are taken from Neo-Liberalism?

A

Economic.

  • Individualism (Property)
  • Laissez-Faire capitalism
  • Small state
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104
Q

Who in the UK and US were the ‘flagships’ of New Right Conservatism?

A

Thatcher and Reagan

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105
Q

Who ‘created’ the idea of ‘Neo-Liberalism’?

A

Friedrich Von Hayak and UK institutions like the Adam Smith Institution.

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106
Q

What are the 4 fundamental principles of Neo-Liberalism?

A
  1. Laissez-Faire Capitalism
  2. Individualism (Homosexuality etc)
  3. Property
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107
Q

What are the 6 fundamental principles of Neo-Conservatism according to Scruton?

A
  1. Authority
  2. National Identity
  3. Family
  4. Religion
  5. Immigration
  6. Anti-Permissive Social Measures
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108
Q

Who are the two New Right thinkers?

A

Ayn Rand and Robert Nozick

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109
Q

1905-82. Who was born in this period?

A

Ayn Rand

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110
Q

1938-02. Who was born in this period?

A

Robert Nozick

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111
Q

What does Rand believe is at the heart of society?

A

Talented individuals.

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112
Q

Which New Right thinker believes in ‘atomism’ and what does it mean?

A

Rand.
This is the idea that everyone is individual and works independently to their own self-goals, which reduces the idea of a society.

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113
Q

What kind of market did Rand believe in?

A

Free Market

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114
Q

What did Rand believe needed to be extended, and what does it include?

A

Moral Sphere.

This is the idea of individualism. For example, she was in favour of homosexuality and abortion.

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115
Q

Why does Rand fit into the idea of New Right thinking rather than Anarchist?

A

Although she believes in minimal state intervention, she sees that it is key in ensuring order and security is prominent.

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116
Q

What was Nozick’s book called?

A

Anarchy, state and utopia.

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117
Q

Does Nozick like the idea of a large state with a large social welfare policy?

A

NO.
He is in favour of a small state with no or minimal social welfare measures, as he believes that it creates a dependency culture.

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118
Q

Do Rand and Nozick have similar views on human nature?

A

Yes. They both are pro individualism, which means that state cannot dictate over individual choices. For example, they both have similar views on the moral sphere (abortion, homosexuality, divorce etc).

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119
Q

What is the name of the State that Nozick prescribes?

A

Minarchist

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120
Q

What does a Minarchist state include? Give 3 things.

A
  1. Allow individuals to live in communes and chose their own moral codes.
  2. Authority to protect liberty
  3. Free markets
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121
Q

Can you give 3 examples of how the liberal state promotes tolerance?

A
  1. Mill claims that the state should tolerate everyone unless they’re taking away someone else’s natural right
  2. Meritocratic state so anyone has the opportunity to be successful.
  3. As the Government is by Consent, people should be able to pick the correct ruler to represent them.
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122
Q

What does Foundational Equality mean?

A

The liberal belief that all citizens are able to have access to their own natural rights. However, this means they must accept full responsibility of their actions.

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123
Q

What is Equality of Opportunity?

A

The state must support equal opportunities for everyone.

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124
Q

Give me 2 examples of how Liberals stress the importance of limited Government.

A
  1. Constitution to limit the Government and its powers.

2. Separation of Powers

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125
Q

What is Formal Equality?

A

Is when all individuals have the same legal and political rights. Hence firm respect to the Rule of Law.

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126
Q

Who is Mary Wollstonecraft?

A

An early classical liberal who considered feminism to be a key stone left unturned.

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127
Q

What did Wollstonecraft argue, that claimed something was affront for no reason?

A

Treatment for women, she asked why half the population was left to ‘wilt in a marriage’.

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128
Q

What are the 4 main ideas of Early Classical Liberalism?

A
  1. Scared of revolution
  2. Negative Liberty (people can control their lives their own way)
  3. Minimal State
  4. Laissez-Faire approach
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129
Q

What is Positive Freedom?

A

Involvement of intervention measures which enable humans to be free without stresses.

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130
Q

What are the 6 ideas that TH Green said that we should adapt?

A
  1. housing aid
  2. poverty
  3. education
  4. living
  5. unemployment
  6. poor health
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131
Q

Can you give me one example of how liberal ideas conflict with democratic ones?

A

Liberals claim individuals shape their lives through the ballot box and that even minority views will be considered. However, this is unattainable due to population size, and Mill claimed that people should be educated to make the ‘correct’ decision (which would be liberal).

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132
Q

Stuart-Mill- “Individuals should think about what they would like to become, rather than what they have become.” What is this the definition for?

A

Developmental Individualisation.

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133
Q

Who is Bentham? and when was he writing to and from?

A

Founder of Utilitarianism- 1748-32

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134
Q

When is Bentham stuffed?

A

London

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135
Q

Is Bentham a key Liberal key thinker?

A

No. He is an add-on

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136
Q

What is a key phrase that Bentham coined?

A

“The Greatest Happiness for the Greatest Number”. He was pro-democracy and believed we should vote for who we wanted.

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137
Q

Can you give 1 danger that Democracy held, and why this was dangerous according to Mill?

A

The uneducated voting in a representative. This is why he wanted formal education to be compulsory for all.
This was because people could vote for people that he believed were dangerous and had bad intentions. For example, it could be a rise of Socialism.

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138
Q

Who invented the principle of Harm Theory?

A

Mill

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139
Q

Who believes the enabling state was vital?

A

TH Green

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140
Q

Why does Rawls dance on the bridge between Liberalism and Socialism slightly?

A

He believed that social measures were needed to help people reach their potential, but didn’t believe that the gap between rich and poor needed to be minimised.

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141
Q

What is the enabling the state and why is it important?

A

This is the type of state which enables people to get support through welfare measures, which enables individuals to fulfil their lives and potential as they’re not restrained by their issues.

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142
Q

When was the State Pension introduced?

A

1906

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143
Q

What ideological phrase did Rawls invent?

A

“The Veil of Ignorance”

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144
Q

When was Rawls writing?

A

1921-02

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145
Q

How did Rawls believe the distribution of wealth would be reached?

A

Taxation

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146
Q

What does the Veil of Ignorance mean?

A

This is the idea that if people didn’t know how they were going to do in life, they would chose a society in which the poor faired well.

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147
Q

Do Liberals support a written Constitution?

A

Yes

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148
Q

How do Early Classical Liberals differ to Modern Liberals in terms of taxation?

A

ECL: Taxation is stealing
ML: Taxation is an enabler

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149
Q

ECL: Minimal state
ML: Enlarged state
Which principle do these opinions answer?

A

How do Early Classical Liberals differ to Modern Liberals in terms of State Size?

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150
Q

How do Early Classical Liberals differ to Modern Liberals in terms of Freedom types?

A

ECL: Negative
ML: Positive

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151
Q

How do Early Classical Liberals differ to Modern Liberals in terms of the economy?

A

ECL: Laissez-Faire
ML: Keynesian

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152
Q

ECL: Educated can vote
ML: Everyone can vote
Which principle do these opinions answer?

A

How do Early Classical Liberals differ to Modern Liberals in terms of electorate?

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153
Q

What is the aim of social liberalism?

A

Update Classical Liberalism’s stress on tolerance.

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154
Q

How did Friedan believe that women were being conditioned?

A

Cultural Channels (culturally conditioned)

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155
Q

How did Friedan believe that the state could improve the lives of women?

A

Through the enabling state.

Such as through law changes.

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156
Q

How do Friedan’s beliefs link to liberalism?

A

Individualism

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157
Q

What word beginning with R is important to Liberals?

A

Rational

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158
Q

Please write down each difference between each key figure in their ideas of human nature, the state, the economy and society.

A
  1. Burke
  2. Mill
  3. Wollstonecraft
  4. Friedan
  5. Rawls
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159
Q

What is the format of all questions in the core ideologies section?

A

To what extent is ……

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160
Q

Why do traditional Conservatives fear the capitalist system?

A

They believe that the capitalist regime could damage the organic society due to its fast natured approached.

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161
Q

What kind of economy do traditional Conservatives favour?

A

A middle-way, also known as mixed economy.

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162
Q

Neo Liberals believe “the state should be rolled back (protect individual freedom”.
How do Neo-Conservatives views differ?

A

Want the state to be rolled forward (EG= laws to restrict trade unions)

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163
Q

Which two political ideologies are combined when studying the New Right?

A

Neo Liberals and Neo Conservatives.

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164
Q

Neo Liberals believe “Individual Liberty should be advanced”.
How do Neo-Conservatives views differ?

A

Individual liberty should be restricted, and police power should be extended.

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165
Q

Neo Liberals believe “Immigration should be relaxed (Rand claims immigration occurs with free movement).”
How do Neo-Conservatives views differ?

A

Should be reduced as it threatens the idea of national identity.

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166
Q

Neo Conservatives believe “Government spending should be increased”.
How do Neo-Liberals views differ?

A

Government spending should be decreased

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167
Q

What does Neo mean?

A

New

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168
Q

How do Neo-Conservatives suggest that Neo-Liberals will be able to maintain a minimal level of poverty without the welfare state?

A

Neo-Conservatives believe that the ‘blamelessly in need’ would be supported by their communities, nobellise oblique and family structures.

169
Q

How did Gamble suggest both the N Conservatives and N Liberals work together when observing funding?

A

Neo-Conservatives are in favour of authority being harnessed by the state, which means funding needs to be increased to pay for these measures. Neo Liberals say that with the reduction of Welfare funding, this makes room for the nuclear and weaponry funds.

170
Q

“Liberals mugged by reality”. What question would this phrase be accompanied by, how does it relate to Conservatism?

A

What phrase did Irving Kristol use to describe why blending of Neo Conservatism and Neo Liberalism occurred to from the New Right?

171
Q

What are the tensions regarding human nature in Conservatism?

A

Scepticism vs Optimism

172
Q

What are the tensions regarding society in Conservatism?

A

Community/Shared Identity vs Individuals/Atomism

173
Q

What are the tensions regarding the economy in Conservatism?

A

Free Market vs Mixed Economy

174
Q

What are the tensions regarding the state in Conservatism?

A

Large state with social welfare measures vs a small state with authority.

175
Q

Which Conservative key thinkers are in favour of a small, authority based state?

A

Hobbes, Burke, Rand, and Nozick

176
Q

Which Conservative key thinkers are in favour of the idea of Atomism?

A

Rand

177
Q

Which Conservative key thinkers are in favour of Free Market?

A

Hobbes, Rand, Nozick and possibly Oakeshott

178
Q

Which Conservative key thinkers are in favour of Optimism?

A

Oakeshott, Rand, Nozick

179
Q

Give me 3 similarities that Conservatism holds with Socialism?

A
  1. Both play down the importance of individualism.
  2. Both stress the importance of communities.
  3. Both see capitalism as potentially problematic
180
Q

Give me a difference between Conservatism and Socialism?

A

Conservatives see inequality as natural whereas Socialists see it as unacceptable.

181
Q

Give me a difference between Conservatism and Socialism?

A

Conservatives are sceptical of progress whereas Socialists embrace it and claim it is essential.

182
Q

Give me a difference between Conservatism and Socialism?

A

Conservatives are in favour of private ownership, whereas Socialists are in favour of common ownership.

183
Q

Give me 2 reasons which suggest how the leaving of the EU was an unlikely move for the Conservatives?

A
  1. It risked the idea of an organic analogy, and didn’t abide by the habits (Oakeshott) that make people comfortable.
  2. Brexit risked the idea of One Nation though the rise of Xenophobia and Racism.
184
Q

How did Cameron adopt some Burkean ideas during his political leadership?

A

He campaigned for a big society with little platoons, but with a smaller state. This also links to Conservative views of the nobellise oblique.

185
Q

Why did the authoritarian nature of Conservatism begin to rise in popularity again?

A

Mass migration being shown on media, combined with the EU referendum.
The rise in terror incidents.

186
Q

From 1997-2001 how did the Labour party breakdown the idea of Conservatism?

A

Through the advancement of Individual Freedom. This was through the devolvement of political power, establishing the freedom of information act, and other legislation.

187
Q

Which key word is used to describe Hobbes view of Human Nature?

A

Cynical

188
Q

Sceptical- Which key thinker from Conservatism has this view of human nature?

A

Burke

189
Q

Modest- Which key thinker from Conservatism has this view of human nature?

A

Oakeshott

190
Q

Ayn Rand is linked to what word to describe her view of Human Nature?

A

Objectivist

191
Q

Nozick is linked to which word that represents how he views human nature?

A

Egotistical

192
Q

What, using the word Cynical, describes Hobbes view of human nature?

A

Individuals are selfish and are driven by their own desire for supremacy.

193
Q

What, using the word Sceptical, describes Burke’s view of human nature?

A

We may believe that we can reach perfection, but as were imperfect we will never reach the goal. This is called the ‘crooked timber of humanity’

194
Q

What, using the word Modest, describes Oakeshott’s view of human nature?

A

Oakeshott claims that when mankind is focused on its daily tasks it provides comfort, and humanity is free from grandeur.

195
Q

We are, and should be, guided by our own independent self interest in an aim to reach self fulfilment.

What question regarding Conservatives view of human nature would this statement provide the answer for?

A

What, using the word Objectivist, describes Rand’s view of human nature?

196
Q

Individuals are driven by a quest to for ‘self ownership’ allowing them to realise their full potential.

What question regarding Conservatives view of human nature would this statement provide the answer for?

A

What, using the word Egotistical, describes Nozick’s view of human nature?

197
Q

What is the ‘Crooked timber of reality’?

A

This is what Burke claims is the gap between aspiration and achievement, that will never be filled.

198
Q

How does Hobbs view the state?

A

The state arises contractility, under the idea of a “government of consent”. Hobbes believes that humans have the limited rationality to create this.

199
Q

The state arises organically, and should be headed by a hereditary elite who rule in the interests of all.

Which Conservative’s views of the state represent those in the statement above?

A

Burke

200
Q

How does Oakeshott view the state?

A

The state should be led by pragmatism. He used the phrase about a ‘boat staying afloat’, which suggests that changes need to me made necessary to solve an issue, rather than being made to improve society.

201
Q

The state should be confined to order and authority, any attempt to make steps to positive freedom should be banished.

Which Conservative’s views of the state represent those in the statement above?

A

Rand

202
Q

How does Nozick view the state?

A

The Minarchist state should outsource business and provide security, that is all.

203
Q

How does Hobbes view society?

A

Hobbes claim society is a by-product of the state. It brings order and authority, without it, life would be nasty, brutish and short.

204
Q

“Trade should involve organic free markets, and laissez-faire capitalism”

Which Conservative said this statement about society?

  1. Hobbes
  2. Rand
  3. Burke
A
  1. Burke
205
Q

How does Hobbes feel the economy is impacted by a state?

A

Hobbes claims that effective economic activity can only come into force when a state guarantees order and security.

206
Q

“Free markets are volatile and unpredictable, which may require pragmatic moderation by the state”.
Which Conservative said this about the economy?

A

Oakeshott

207
Q

How does Rand feel about the economy?

A

Free-market capitalism is an expression of objectivist individualisation and should not be hinder by the state?

208
Q

Does Rand believe that the state helps or hinders the economy, and more specifically free-market capitalism?

A

When the state gets involved, it hinders as she believes free market capitalisation is individualised.

209
Q

How does Nozick view the economy?

A

The Minarchist state should not be involved with the economy- as it is privatised and deregulated.

210
Q

How does Burke view society?

A

Society is organic and dotted with little platoons (communities).

211
Q

Oakeshott believes that:
“localised communities are essential to humanities survival, especially when guided by pragmatic ideas”.
Is this TRUE or FALSE

A

True

-but whether you believe it is accurate is in the eye of the beholder!!

212
Q

How does Rand believe atomism relates to society?

A

Everyone is individual and anyone who tries to restrict individuals should be challenged.

213
Q

How does Nozick view society?

A

Society should be geared to individual self fulfilment, this may lead to small communities with like-minded people, and this needs to be accepted.

214
Q

What are the 2 branches of socialism?

A
  1. Fundamentalists

2. Revisionists

215
Q

How do Liberals differ from Socialists?

A

Liberals like the idea of private property, whereas Socialists do not.

216
Q

What are 3 key basics of socialism?

A
  1. Progressive
  2. Reason over faith
  3. Liberation from oppression
217
Q

When did Socialism emerge?

A

During the enlightenment.

218
Q

Does Socialism believe in the power of the State?

A

Yes

219
Q

During what century did Liberalism decrease in importance due to its denial of individual autonomy and freedom?

A

19th

220
Q

Do Socialists see human nature as optimistic or brutal?

A

Optimism

221
Q

What are the 3 traits which explain how Socialists see humans?

A
  1. Cooperative
  2. Altruistic
  3. Generous
222
Q

What are the 2 traits which explain what humans seek, according to Socialists?

A
  1. Comradery

2. Fraternity

223
Q

How do Socialists see our ‘true nature’?

A

Our true nature has been diluted over time, as society is malleable, and it can be shaped to see our true, fraternal potential.

224
Q

How do Socialists view individuals in society?

A

They’re the product of the society into which they’re born.

225
Q

Do Socialists believe that society enables individuals to reach their potential?

A

No. They believe it prevents it.

226
Q

How do Marx and Engels view the ‘means of production’?

A

They believe it has a critical impact on human and society- “society is a construct”.

227
Q

What is Social Justice?

A

Measures to ensure that everyone is able to have justice, socially to reach their potential. EG- NHS

228
Q

What is an egalitarianist society?

A

People deserve full equality, which comes with equal rights and opportunities.

229
Q

How do Marx and Engels believe Society can be improved?

A

We must understand that society is based on social class divisions.

230
Q

What do Socialists believe about the importance of class?

A

It is central to an individuals life, which is determined by their status in the economy.

231
Q

Do Socialists believe that “classes are unequal in terms of power and authority”?

A

Yes. It is class differences that Socialists focus on in society.

232
Q

Why do Socialists reject Liberal views of foundational and formal equality?

A

Claim it is useless in a divided, unequal society.

233
Q

What do Socialists believe should be the focus of Society?

A

Equality of Outcome, and Social Justice should be the primary objective.

234
Q

Is Socialism seen as egalitarianism?

A

Yes, this is when everyone should be equal in all aspects.

235
Q

Why are Socialists not fans of Private Property?

A

Society based on Private Property promotes individual self interest and callous competition which undermines the ideas of fraternalism and comradery- as well as causing inequality.

236
Q

What are the 5 needs that Socialists claim that Collectivism should uphold/provide?

A
  1. Progressive taxation
  2. Progressive public spending
  3. Extensive public services
  4. Extensive state intervention over Capitalism
  5. State or common ownership.
237
Q

Why do Socialists believe that we should have a Society based on Collectivism?

A

It promotes redistribution of wealth, and promotion of workers control, as well as the 5 changes to society.

238
Q

Why do Socialists see Collectivism as more efficient compared to Capitalism?

A

Stability.

Capitalism suffers from unemployment and booms which are random, making it volatile.

239
Q

Why does Socialism believe in a strong state?

A

The state must bring about societal change such as the redistribution of wealth

240
Q

Do some socialists believe that the state will eventually “wither away”?

A

Yes.

EG= Marx and Engles claim it would be “Blissful”

241
Q

Do Socialists accept the State which preceded the Enlightenment?

A

No

242
Q

Give 2 examples how what Marxists believe that the state should do for them?

A
  1. Equality

2. Power to the People

243
Q

Give 4 types of state which are rejected by Marxists?

A
  1. Monarchic
  2. Theocratic
  3. Anarchic
  4. Aristocratic
244
Q

What are the 2 types of Socialism?

A
  1. Fundamentalist

2. Revisionist

245
Q

What do Fundamentalists believe in?

A

Abolition of Capitalism and Private Property.

246
Q

What do Revisionists believe in?

A

Capitalism and Socialism can work in harmony.

247
Q

What do Marx and Engles believe that Capitalism should be replaced with?

A

Communism

248
Q

What did Marx claim that Capitalism promoted between classes?

A

Alienation, Exploitation and Oppression of one class by another. Undermines traditional Fraternal Principles.

249
Q

What is a Dialectic?

A

A clash of ideas and perceptions.

250
Q

Where did the idea of a dialectic originate from?

A

Hegels

251
Q

How did Marx and Engles draw on the ideas of Hegels when understanding history?

A

Each stage of history is defined by economic changes which was called Dialectal Materialism.

252
Q

Why did Marx and Engles believe that society was doomed?

A

Class consciousness would cause society to crash due to an economically dominant class.

253
Q

Who are the main figures of Classical Marxism?

A

Marx and Engles

254
Q

How is Socialism linked to Marxism?

A

Marxism is a strand of socialism.

255
Q

What did Hegel claim that the society crashing would produce?

A

A new society which would remain until alienation once again rom the Ruling Classes values.

256
Q

When does a Dialect occur?

A

At each stage of history

257
Q

According to Socialists (Classical Marxists), What is historicism and how does it link?

A

This is the principles of each series of stages- which make up history, moving towards a Historicism (which is a final destination).

258
Q

What was Marx’ and Engles’ view of Socialism shaped by?

A

Growing class consciousness which leads to rebellion.

259
Q

What would Marx and Engles new state be considered as?

A

The Dictatorship of the Proletariat

260
Q

What would the Dictatorship of the Proletariat do?

A

Obliterate all liberal-capitalism values and create the ‘Peak of Human Achievement”

261
Q

Which branch of Socialism did Stalin use over Russia?

A

Marxism-Leninism

262
Q

When did Stalin rule over Russia?

A

1922-52

263
Q

When was Stalin alive?

A

1879-53

264
Q

What were Stalin’s view on Permanent Rebellion?

A

Disliked it, instead valued isolation (Socialist Nationalism)

265
Q

When was Karl Marx writing?

A

1818-83

266
Q

When was Engles writing?

A

1820-95

267
Q

How did Marx and Engles view the Liberal ideas that promoted Capitalism as prosperous and loving of individual liberty?

A

Challenged them

268
Q

How Marx and Engles react to the idea of a Political state?

A

Positively, they rejected views of a politically neutral state

269
Q

How did Marx and Engles believe that a Socialist economy would impact humans?

A

Restore our selfless, cooperative and paternal natures

270
Q

What were Engles and Max the first thinkers of Socialism to analyse? Give 2 things.

A
  1. How humans are social and economic beings- shaped by our nature.
  2. Analyse a class based society
271
Q

After the State “Withered Away” according to Marx and Engles, what would replace it?

A

Communism and a Stateless Society

272
Q

How did Marx and Engles believe their new post-rebellion state would function?

A

Govern based on the new dominant class, and educate citizens on socialism.

273
Q

Can you give 2 explanations of how Marx’ views are still relevant today?

A
  1. The idea of the class system still exists today.

2. Capitalism still aims to split the W/C by race, ethnicity, religion etc to avoid rebellion.

274
Q

Can you give one explanation of how Marx’ views are no longer relevant today?

A

Communism has been catastrophic in action, such as the genocide in China (Jews).

275
Q

Can you give a famous quote from Marx?

A

“The existence of the state is inseparable from the existence of slavery”.

276
Q

Pick a famous Marx quote, and describe how would you link it in an essay?

A

“The existence of the state is inseparable from the existence of slavery”. Marx’ view on State that it just boxes people in.

277
Q

Who was Rosa Luxemburg?

A

Member of the SPD (German Socialist Democratic Party?

278
Q

Who is Rosa Luxemburg?

A

Key thinker 2 from Socialism

279
Q

Who are Marx and Engles?

A

Key thinkers 1 from Socialism

280
Q

When was Rosa Luxemburg writing?

A

1871-19

281
Q

How did Luxemburg reject the principle of Dictatorship of the Proletariat?

A

She believed in democracy which is underpinned by common ownership.

282
Q

How did Luxemburg reject the view of Lenin?

A

She rejected the view of a ‘Vanguard Elite’ and instead suggested that revolution would occur gradually due to class consciousness.

283
Q

What Political Party did Luxemburg found after ww1?

A

German Communist Party

284
Q

Why did Luxemburg found the German Communist Party?

A

Argued Political Election provided a foothold in existing politics and promote revolutionary ideas/

285
Q

How did Luxemburg die?

A

She was shot in the head by Friekorps and then dumped into a canal.

286
Q

What is Fundamental Socialism also known as?

A

Democratic Socialism

287
Q

What, in the UK, pioneered Fundamental Socialism?

A

UK Fabian Society

288
Q

Which Bourgeoisie writers also pioneered Fundamental Socialism?

A

GB Shaw, Sidney and Beatrice Webb

289
Q

What inspired Fundamental Socialism? Give 2 things.

A
  1. Clause IV in the 1918 Constitution

2. Creation of the Labour Part

290
Q

What is the Fabian Society?

A

A thinktank running for over 10 years

291
Q

When did the Fabian Society begin?

A

1883

292
Q

What are the 4 themes that the Fabian Society focus on?

A
  1. Green and Global
  2. State and Society
  3. Economy and Work
  4. Politics and Power
293
Q

Why does the Fabian Society have strong links to Labour?

A

The Fabian Society was one of the first creators of the Labour Party in 1900 and continues to influence policy today

294
Q

What was Clause VIII?

A

Commitment of Labour for Public Ownership in 1918.

295
Q

When was Clause VIII overhauled?

A

Blair in 1995. Due to it seeming outdated- especially after Thatcher’s privatisation.

296
Q

Who wanted to rebirth Clause VIII?

A

Corbyn and McDonnel

297
Q

Why do Neo Marxists believe that Capitalism continues to survive?

A

“Cultural Hegemony”

298
Q

Who are two Neo Marxists?

A

Marcuse and Horkheimer

299
Q

How did Marcuse and Horkheimer further build on the ideas surrounding revolution?

A

They disagreed with Gramsci (that revolution isn’t necessary) and claimed it is necessary but it needs to be encouraged.

300
Q

When did Marcuse and Horkheimer believe (socialist) revolution would best occur?

A

The next economic slope.

301
Q

What did Ralph Miliband believe about the parliamentary road to socialism?

A

It was doomed and that spontaneous action through workplace would be the most effective course of action.

302
Q

Who were Sidney and Beatrice Webb?

A

2 Socialist thinkers, one being a key thinker. They were husband and wife.

303
Q

How did Sidney and Beatrice Webb feel about revolution, often portrayed as ideal by socialists?

A

They rejected it and claimed it caused just as much instability as capitalism.

304
Q

How did Sidney and Beatrice Webb view the ideal society?

A

More planned and rational.

305
Q

How did Sidney and Beatrice Webb believe that suffrage would cause a rise of socialism?

A

The extension of the suffrage offered an election based route to a socialist society. They called this, “Inevitability of Gradualism”.

306
Q

What are the 7 steps outlines in the Inevitability of Gradualism?

A
  1. Socialist parties would campaign peacefully
  2. Voters would realise they don’t like Capitalism.
  3. Voters elect Socialist Governments
  4. State Ownership begins- gradually.
  5. Re-election of Socialist
  6. Socialist Society created
  7. Reversal is unlikely
307
Q

Who’s concept was known as Inevitability of Gradualism? Hint: Socialist

A

Sidney and Beatrice Webb

308
Q

Who is Socialist Key Thinker 3?

A

Beatrice Webb

309
Q

How does Beatrice Webb view Capitalism?

A

A corrupting force.

310
Q

How did Beatrice Webb suggest that we would improve society? Give 3.

A
  1. Reform not Revolution
  2. State Intervention
  3. Trade Unionism
311
Q

What did Beatrice Webb contribute on, and why was it important for the future?

A

Royal Commission on Poverty.
Argued the State should guarantee a minimum welfare support.
This led to the 1942 Beverage Report and 1945 Labour

312
Q

When was Tony Benn around?

A

1925-2014

313
Q

Why did Tony Benn believe that Labour was struggling?

A

After the loss of the 1979 election and it was “Compromised with Capitalisms Contradictions”

314
Q

What did Benn believe would revive the party? Give me 4 suggestions if you’d be so kind.

A
  1. Leave EEC
  2. Trade Union Power
  3. Reforms
  4. More power to party members
315
Q

Did Benn reject Evolutionary Socialism through his ideas?

A

No, he argued that democratic socialism was just rethinking its tactics rather than changing completely.

316
Q

What is Evolutionary Socialism?

A

Rejection of Revolutionary politics and a belief that Socialism can be achieved peacefully and gradually through the existing constitutional system.

317
Q

Where was Euro-Communism popular?

A

Western Europe. Belief that Capitalism can be decommissioned.

318
Q

Who came up with the ideas of “Counter-Culture/ Cultural Vanguard”?

A

Gramsci

319
Q

When was Antonio Gramsci around?

A

1891-37

320
Q

Why did Antonio Gramsci believe that Capitalism couldn’t be overthrown without large-scale support?

A

Ruling class presents power over everything, including the media.

321
Q

Was Antonio Gramsci a Socialist Key thinker?

A

Not a key thinker, but a socialist and Euro-Communist

322
Q

Did Euro Communists believe in Revolution?

A

No, they rejected its concept, instead believing it was undesirable and not inevitable.

323
Q

Did Euro- Communists believe in the Dictatorship of the Proleteriat?

A

No, but they did believe in the idea of ‘Withering Away’

324
Q

Which branch of Socialism distanced itself rom the USSR and instead rejected revolution and embraced elections?

A

Euro-Communism

325
Q

What 3 branches of Socialism are considered Revolutionary?

A
  1. Classical Marxism
  2. Marxist-Leninism
  3. Neo-Marxism
326
Q

What 3 branches of Socialism- including one ‘chapter’, are Revisionist Socialism?

A
  1. Democratic Socialism
  2. Euro-Communism
  3. All Revisionist
327
Q

What is Revisionist Socialism?

A

Form of Socialism which suggests that changes can be made without revolution, which instead would be evolutionary. It doesn’t destroy the idea of Capitalism or Private Property either.

328
Q

Did Lenin agree with Marx’ view of Socialism?

A

Yes, but with a few changes.

329
Q

When was Lenin alive?

A

1874-1924

330
Q

Who was Lenin?

A

Leader of Russian Bolshevik party

331
Q

How did Lenin build upon Marx view of Revolution, (similar ideas to those of Luxemburg)?

A

Lenin believed that Revolution could occur anywhere, not just developed countries where Capitalism and the Proletariat were developed. This implication from Marx was deemed unacceptable by Lenin.

332
Q

Did Lenin or Marx argue that Revolution should be the cause of Socialist ideas developing?

A

Lenin. Marx argued that Revolution would be the effect of Socialist ideas developing.

333
Q

Why did Lenin believe that Revolution should occur in early Capitalist societies?

A

It would prevent ‘the masses’ from developing any sympathy for Capitalist values.

334
Q

What was Lenin’s from of Socialism called?

A

Marxism-Leninism

335
Q

Did Lenin stress the importance of a Revolutionary Elite?

A

Yes. This is also known as ‘Vanguard’.

336
Q

What did Lenin suggest that his Vanguard would do? What were their 4 tasks?

A
  1. Plot and Plan to overthrow current regime.
  2. Incite the revolution
  3. Educate the masses about Socialism
  4. The Vanguard would create a new organisation- The Communist Party.
337
Q

How did Luxemburg counter Lenin’s ideas?

A

She suggested that his ideas were outdated and of no use to already industrialised areas such as Germany.

338
Q

What was Democratic Centralisation?

A

Process developed by Lenin.
There would only be one party.
The Parties decision would embody the people.
Further debate would risk revolution.
This was later used to justify USSR and Chinese repressions.

339
Q

What is the main key thought behind social democracy?

A

Reformed Capitalism was good.

340
Q

What did Social Democracy guarantee? Give things.

A
  1. Employment
  2. Steady Economic Growth
  3. Classless Society
341
Q

Who was inspired to write ‘Future of Socialism’ by Social Democracy in 1956

A

Anthony Crossland

342
Q

Which Labour Government created a mixed economy with mostly private services but a few state owned industries?

A

Labour 1945-51

343
Q

How did Crossland disagree with the Labour Government 1945-51?

A

He argued that they didn’t need more private ownership, but greater public spending and public services.

344
Q

What example could you give to describe how Crossland wanted public spending increase to be used?

A

Education- he wanted a comprehensive state school system which would break down class barriers and create a fairer an equal economy.

345
Q

When was Anthony Crossland alive?

A

1918-77

346
Q

Which key thinker is Anthony Crossland?

A

Socialist 4

347
Q

How did the Socialist, Crossland, believe that equality would be achieved via a Capitalist economy?

A

Capitalism promoted rising economic growth which would fund a rising welfare state which would diminish equality.

348
Q

How Crossland argue that Marx’ views were outdated?

A

He argued that the post-war UK was less binary, and more complex than Marx has imagined. It made way for new classes such as managers and technocrats.

349
Q

How has Social Democracy changed over time? Compare late 19th century to mid 20th century.

A

Lt 19th: Social democracy was associated with anti Capitalism mentality

Mid 20th: Term was used to describe revolutionist socialism and this renounced Marxism and embraced Capitalism in 1950.

350
Q

Who formed the first UK Socialist Party and what was it called?

A

Hyndman . The Socialist Democratic Federation in 1884

351
Q

Can you give an example of a Party which emerged in Germany, and encapsulated the revolutionist socialism idea?

A

German Socialist Democratic Party

352
Q

What does Revisionist Socialism encapsulate at a basic level?

A

Socialism can be achieved without the abolition of Capitalism and Private property. It promotes evolutionary socialism.

353
Q

What is the Third Way?

A

The most recent form of Revolutionist Socialism which is associated with Blair and Brown

354
Q

Why did the Third Way emerge?

A

emerged in 1990s due to collapse of Soviet Union.

355
Q

What did the Third Way encapsulate?

A

Heralded an era of extended Capitalism which challenged Keynesian economics due to the New Right movement in the 1980s.

356
Q

Who is Classical Revisionism associated with?

A

Eduard Bernstein.

357
Q

How did Classical Revisionism contradict the ideas of Marx?

A

It suggested that by the end of the 19th century the conditions of the WC were steadily improving and there wasn’t a ‘Crisis of Capitalism emerging’. They argued improvements to workers conditions could be made with Capitalism.

358
Q

How did Classical Revolutionists argue that the extension of the franchise would affect Socialism?

A

They argued that the socialist government would become more popular and more commonly in power due to WC voters who wanted better working conditions etc.

359
Q

How did Classical Revolutionists differ and agree with the Fabian Society?

A

Both in support of Gradualism.

CR opposed their negative stance on Capitalism.

360
Q

When was Giddens alive?

A

1938- Now

361
Q

What controversial policy/ idea did Giddens support?

A

The greater inequality of outcome, as it is consistent with economic growth.

362
Q

How is Giddens associated with the Socialism topic?

A

He is key thinker 5

363
Q

Did Giddens seek to ‘Squarate’ societies desire for greater equality through a reduction of a Keynesian approach?

A

NO. He ‘Triangulated’ not ‘Squarated’.

364
Q

Why did Giddens seek to ‘Triangulate’ societies desire for greater equality through a reduction of a Keynesian approach?

A

He believed that it would appeal to ideas consistent to those of the suburban, property owning, individualised and prosperous individuals who could vote.

365
Q

Why did Giddens seek to encourage greater privatisation and deregulate further?

A

He believed that it would foster economic growth which would increase public spending. This would enable the Government to put more money into welfare spending which would be in pursuit of the greater equality (social cohesion).

366
Q

What did Giddens believe would increase social cohesion?

A

Equality through public spending.

367
Q

Who was Lenin?

A

Bolshevik Party Leader.

He was alive from 1874-1924

368
Q

How did Lenin feel about Marx?

A

Respected and accepted his views but believed they needed some adjustment.

369
Q

Can you give an example of how Lenin adapted Marx’ views to fit his own?

A

Marx claimed revolution could only occur in states were Capitalism and the Proletariat were well developed. Lenin disagreed and claimed that it should occur in all state.

370
Q

What did Lenin call his type of revolution?

A

Accelerated Revolutionary Socialism, and it would pre-empt Capitalism.

371
Q

How did Lenin argue that revolution in pre-industrial areas would work?

A

Revolution would be the cause of Socialist ideas developing (rather than the effect of them developing- Marx).

372
Q

Why did Lenin argue that revolution in pre-industrial areas would be better?

A

It would stop the ‘masses’ from developing empathy for Capitalism. By it occurring in pre-industrial areas then people would never be able to compare to Capitalism success.

373
Q

How did Luxemburg counter the ideas of Lenin?

A

She claimed that his idea that revolution should occur in pre-industrialised states would actually make socialism irrelevant to already developed countries like Germany.

374
Q

What was Lenin idea of the Vanguard/ Revolutionary Elite?

A

They would have 4 roles.

  1. Plot the Overthrow
  2. Organise and incite the Revolution
  3. Educate the ‘masses’ on Socialism
  4. Create a new ‘Party’
375
Q

What was Lenin’s roles of the Vanguard further known as?

A

Democratic centralisation.

376
Q

Who was Mao Tse-Tung?

A

A ‘Socialist’ ruler or China

377
Q

How did Mao adapt Trotsky’s idea of a ‘permanent revolution’?

A

He labelled it as a cultural revolution.

378
Q

Who did Mao persecute?

A

Individuals and Chinese Culture. Millions died or are still missing.

379
Q

What did Mao discourage in his Socialist state? Give 2.

A
  1. Religion

2. Deference to the elderly.

380
Q

Who was Stalin?

A

A ‘Socialist’ ruler of Russia/ Soviet Union who was a Bolshevik.

381
Q

When did Stalin rule?

A

After Lenin for 30 years. He murder a whole class of ‘peasants’.

382
Q

How did Stalin reject Trotsky’s view of permanent revolution?

A

He argued that Soviet Union Russia should isolate from the world and this would be known as ‘Socialist Nationalism’.

383
Q

Who was Trotsky?

A

A fellow Bolshevik and arch enemy of Stalin.

384
Q

What 2 things did Giddens suggest that the State should invest in to provide a better human nature for everyone?

A
  1. Infrastructure

2. Education

385
Q

How did Giddens suggest that free markets would impact individuals?

A

They would empower individuals

386
Q

How did Giddens suggest the the Post-Fordism would impact individuals?

A

It would increase a sense of atomism and they may become less confident individuals.

387
Q

Give 3 examples of how it could be argued that Socialism requires revolutionary change?

A
  1. Lenin believed tat revolution was needed to pre-empt capital and stifle ‘false consciousness’ in the masses.
  2. Luxemburg claimed revolution would occur gradually through growing agitation of trade unions.
  3. Neo-Marxists (Ralph Miliband) argued that socialist parliamentary route had failed.
388
Q

Give 2 example of how fundamentalists would suggest that Socialism doesn’t require revolutionary change?

A
  1. euro-Communists believed that before the state ‘Withered Away’ it could accommodate major socialist reforms.
  2. Webb believed in the ‘Inevitability of Gradualism’ and that slow political change should occur.
389
Q

Give 2 examples of how Revisionists would suggest that Socialism doesn’t require revolutionary change?

A
  1. Giddens believed that the state could be reformed to produce greater political equality.
  2. Bernstein (Early Revisionist) argued that the state could provide gradual change through universal suffrage.
390
Q

What do all Socialists believe about Human Nature?

A

Human nature is malleable and improvable.

391
Q

What do all Socialists believe about Society?

A

Society shapes our lives, and we should improve society to improve our lives.

392
Q

What do all Socialists believe about the State?

A

State is vital in achieving its core values, but disagree about the roles of the state.

393
Q

How does Marx’ view of the Human Nature differ from those of Giddens?

A

Marx- Human Nature was shaped by the economic system which led to ‘False Consciousness’ and therefore will result in rebellion.
Giddens- Human Nature can be successful under Capitalism and it does underpin socialist values.

394
Q

How does Marx’ view of the Society differ from those of Webb?

A

Marx- Capitalist society is corrupt so should be overthrown.

Webb- Gradual reforms can be made to improve society.

395
Q

How does Marx’ view of the Society differ from those of Giddens and Crosland?

A

Marx- Capitalist society is corrupt so should be overthrown.

Giddens/ Crossland- Society can be gradually shaped with Capitalism.

396
Q

How does Marx’ view of the State differ from those of Webb and Giddens/Crossland?

A

Marx- The state should be destroyed and replaced with a ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’ before ‘Withering Away’.
Webb- Saw the state as key in managing the economy.
Giddens/Crossland- Argued the state needs reform not abolition. (EG: increase in public services).

397
Q

How do Marx, Webb and Luxemburg feel about the economy?

A

They believe Capitalism and private property is incompatible with Socialism so it requires abolition (either gradual or revolutionary).

398
Q

How do Marx, Webb and Luxemburg feelings about the economy differ to those if Revisionists (Crosland/ Giddens)?

A

Believe Socialism and its values are compatible with Capitalism and that this is either through a mixed economy (Crosland) or through a neo-liberal one (Giddens).

399
Q

Can you give one argument FOR “Did the collapse of Communism signal defeat of Socialism by Capitalism?”

A
  1. New Labour adopted an individualist approach to ruling, with the promotion of Private Property which is linked to their acceptance of neo liberal policies.
400
Q

Can you give two arguments AGAINST “Did the collapse of Communism signal defeat of Socialism by Capitalism?”

A
  1. 2007-08 financial crash led to greater control over the economy.
  2. Austerity and issues in Euro-Zone (Greece) led to the undermining of Capitalism.
401
Q

Can you give an updated example of an argument AGAINST “Did the collapse of Communism signal defeat of Socialism by Capitalism?”

A

COVID-19 measures saw largescale Government funding given to individuals in the form of welfare (Giddens).
For example, individuals on the ‘furlough scheme’ were paid 80% of their wages while they were unable to work.

402
Q

How did Marx and Engles view Human Nature?

A

Contaminated by Capitalism (previously was fraternal and altruistic). False Consciousness prevails but revolutionary socialism will rescue this.

403
Q

How did Marx and Engles view Society?

A

Capitalism is defined by class. A communist society will be the perfect end of history.

404
Q

How did Marx and Engles view State?

A

The current state is a took of the dominant class. It must be destroyed and replaced with a Dictatorship of the Proletariat.

405
Q

How did Marx and Engles view Economy?

A

Capitalism is corrupt, inefficient and destructive. It will be replaced by a society built on common ownership.

406
Q

How did Luxemburg view Society?

A

Alternative societies still exist in downtrodden- by Capitalism, WC, proletariat areas.

407
Q

How did Luxemburg view State?

A

Revolution will destroy the state, but this can only be achieved with union actions. There will be free elections, pro-democracy and free speech.

408
Q

How did Webb view Human Nature?

A

Humanity needs to be guided back from Capitalism. Revolution will cause even more damage.

409
Q

How did Luxemburg view Economy?

A

Capitalism is more resilient than Marx thought. Its destruction will need to come from determined Proletariat with backing from Unions.

410
Q

How did Webb view Society?

A

Inequality from Capitalism depresses potential and fosters regressive competition.

411
Q

How did Webb view State?

A

If harnessed wit Socialism it could result in gradual change and emerge of Socialism.

412
Q

How did Crosland view Society?

A

Society is more complex than ever- and less binary than Marx thought. There are new classes ‘Managers’ and ‘Technocrats’ which are class-less.

413
Q

How did Webb view Economy?

A

The chaotic Capitalist economy will be replaced with common ownership where individuals get the fruit of their labours.

414
Q

How did Giddens view Human Nature?

A

Human Nature is shaped by Socio/Economic Conditions. Fairness is key but individuals will still hood a sense of individual aspiration.

415
Q

How did Giddens view Society?

A

Society has undergone ‘Bourgoisement’ and this must be harnessed.

416
Q

How did Giddens view State?

A

Existing Liberal state should be improved. This will be through increased turnout, and decentralising the political power.

417
Q

How did Crosland view Economy?

A

A mixed economy based upon limited Public Ownership and with Keynesian approach will finance public spending.

418
Q

How did Giddens view Economy?

A

A neo-Liberal economy (with privatisation) will get huge tax yields which will be used for public spending, which increases equality of outcome.

419
Q

What does Keynesian Economic entail?

A

‘Keynesian’ economics means spending more money to increase demand during a recession and using tax and interest rates to manage demand during times of economic growth to prevent a recession.

Politics (5 decks)

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