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Politics > Global Politics > Flashcards

Global Politics Flashcards

1
Q

Can you give an action of a nation which impacts others?

A

trade

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2
Q

How does the government differ from national/global governing?

A

National: Government with a clear mandate
Global: No global government and no clear mandate

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3
Q

How does the legislation Government differ from national/global governing?

A

National: Laws are developed and enforced
Global: Optional laws and treaties

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4
Q

How does the judiciary differ from national/global governing?

A

National: Courts and police enforce laws
Global: No enforcing

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5
Q

How do institutions differ from national/global governing?

A

National: Institutions with a separation of powers.
Global: Institution decisions can be ignored (SUMMITS)

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6
Q

What are the 3 actors in global politics?

A
  1. NGOs (OXFAM)
  2. IGOs (EU, NATO)
  3. Nation States
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7
Q

What is the basic principle of Realism?

A

States are governed by their own national interest.

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8
Q

Give 2 differences between Liberalism and Realism on Human Nature?

A
  1. Lib: Optimistic
  2. Real: Selfish and Egotistical
  3. Lib: Mouldable
  4. Real: Fixed
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9
Q

What are security dilemmas?

A

When Country A builds its defences which comes across as offensive leading to Country B building theirs in retaliation. This creates tension.

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10
Q

How does Liberalism view Global Politics?

A

States interests are linked and interdependent, best advanced though IGOs to achieve common objectives.

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11
Q

Give 4 reasons to why Realism relates to Anarchical World Order?

A
  1. States act rationally in self interest
  2. It is natural that global gov. has conflict
  3. Security dilemma created by global anarchy
  4. Authority of IGOs should be reduced.
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12
Q

What does IGO stand for?

A

Inter Governmental Organisation

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13
Q

Who are the 4 Realism thinkers?

A
  1. Waltz
  2. Bull
  3. Morgenthall
  4. Mearsheimer
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14
Q

What does Waltz think, and what is the book name?

A

1979 THEORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
-Defensive Realism thinker who believes that bipolarity rather than multipolarity is more stable as countries can negotiate.

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15
Q

What does Bull think, and what is the book name?

A

1977 THE ANARCHAL THEORY

- A society of states operate in spite of anarchy by noticing that states have common interest.

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16
Q

What does Morgenthall think, and what is the book name?

A

1948 POLITICS AMONG NATIONS
- A classical realist thinker who claims man will try to dominate and so moral considerations are seen as more important that national interests

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17
Q

What does Mearsheimer think, and what is the book name?

A

2001 THE TRAGEDY OF GREAT POWER POLITICS
- An offensive realist thinker who believed all states are trying to achieve hegemony and conflict will continue forever.

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18
Q

What is Hegemony?

A

Domination

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19
Q

Why do Realists believe that conflict is inevitable? give 4 reasons.

A
  1. States maximise power and influence
  2. States are selfish
  3. World is anarchic and there is no higher authority
  4. Security dilemma
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20
Q

Why do Realists believe in the superiority of states? Give 4 reasons

A
  1. IGOs only exist from state birth, and states can leave
  2. States often act independently
  3. States will often deal behind the scenes rather than at the ‘talk’
  4. Free trade only exists as the states have agreed to it.
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21
Q

What is international anarchy?

A

States are self-contained units which frequently crash with one another.

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22
Q

Give 3 reasons to explain why States are seen as more effective according to Realists?

A
  1. IGO have limited effectiveness
  2. Nation States ensure IGOs don’t usurp national interest
  3. International law is weak
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23
Q

Can you give an example of 3 Anarchical world Orders in action?

A
  1. 2003 Iraq War
  2. China 9 Dash Line
  3. Russia annexation of Crimea
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24
Q

How does the Iraq war relate to the World Order being Anarchical?

A

USA and its allies launched an invasion into Iraq to disarm it, but before the UN has investigated whether it was already disarming. Russia and France urged USA to wait but this was ignored and so the USA and UK went in together.
The legality of the war was questioned, especially by Annan (2004) who claimed it didn’t follow the charter so was illegal. However, this was ignored and nothing came of it.

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25
Q

How does the China 9 Dash Line relate to the World Order being Anarchical?

A
  • China built Spratly Islands to gain more EEZ

- UN argued in 2013 that China was not abiding by law but China ignored it and labelled it as unlawful.

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26
Q

How does the Russia annexation of Crimea relate to the World Order being Anarchical?

A

Russia wanted to reclaim the warm water port in Sevastopol so Russian backed military entered the Crimea region of Ukraine. Russia claimed it was working in its own self-interest, and the UN was unable to do anything as Russia is a permanent member of the security council, meaning it can veto.

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27
Q

What type of state do realists claim would be the safest?

A

Unipolar or Bipolar (1/2 dominant states)

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28
Q

How has the USA become less powerful in recent years?

A

Since 9/11 the USA has become less powerful. This links to the rise of China, Terrostists such as IS ans Russia which is evidence of a multipolar design.

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29
Q

Under Obama, who would you think win between USA and Russia- and why?

A

The USA has more military, but was less likely to use them. Whereas Russia would be likely to as they’re less bothered about moral decisions.

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30
Q

How does Liberalism and Realism vary in their ideas of power?

A

Liberalism- The use of power may be counter productive and so soft and smart power should be used first. Global interdependence is important and reduces conflict.
Realism- Powerful states will overcome weaker states as a states primary goal is to have power and authority. Hard power is the most important.

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31
Q

What is Hard Power?

A

States are militarily strong with economic force and use this as a resolver of conflict.

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32
Q

Which theory likes the idea of Hard Power?

A

Realism

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33
Q

What is soft power?

A

The attractiveness of culture and the political system. This has become increasingly important due to globalisation.

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34
Q

What is smart power?

A

A state which uses both hard and soft power, such as Obama in the middle east.

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35
Q

Which theory prefers soft power and smart power?

A

Liberals

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36
Q

Why did Russia feel threatened by NATO?

A

Putin claimed that the growth of NATO after the WW2 threatened its borders due to nearby countries joining. Russia was not invited to join so caused it to feel threatened. It sees the security dilemma in action, which is shown by Russia rebuilding a strong army and to flex its strength (Crimea).

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37
Q

In 2017, which other president undermined NATO?

A

Trump because he called it obsolete and that individuals would not get support from the USA unless members paid their own fare share.

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38
Q

Give 2 countries which joined NATO and cause Russia to feel threatened?

A

Estonia and Latvia, as well as 10 of the other Warsaw pact members.

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39
Q

Can you give 3 of the main beliefs that Liberals hold regarding States?

A
  1. Power is not a zero sum gain
  2. International agreements and laws are positive
  3. Nation states should work together
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40
Q

Who are the 3 Liberal thinkers in Global Politics?

A
  1. Keohane
  2. Ohmae
  3. Fukuyama
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41
Q

What did Keohane suggest?

A

(After Hegemony) The nation states are interdependent an dare not driven by nation interest as it is rational to cooperate. Institutions which try to support this are effective.

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42
Q

What did Ohmae suggest?

A

(The end of nation states) Globalisation caused a shift in all 4 areas due to the decline of nation states.

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43
Q

What did Fukuyama suggest?

A

(The end of history and the last man) The end of the Cold War and Soviet Union’s collapse signalled the triumph of the Liberal Democracy.

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44
Q

What does Globalisation mean?

A

The increased links with states across trade, culture, communication and technology.

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45
Q

Using Hillary Clintons 2016 Presidential Speech, can you give 3 reasons which show she represents Liberal values?

A
  1. Retain partnerships with IGOs.
  2. Used smart power/ threatened to.
  3. Prefers diplomacy over conflict.
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46
Q

How have economies impacted Globalisation?

A

Rapid increase of communication and ease of transportation have increased trade which is supported by the WTO rules to increase trading.

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47
Q

How have politics impacted Globalisation?

A

There has been an increased role for international organisations due to the growth in global challenges.

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48
Q

How have social impacts linked to Globalisation?

A

Former isolated countries are now exposed to travel and the internet content, as well as general increase in migration.

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49
Q

Who began the WTO?

A

UN

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50
Q

What is the Cobweb Model?

A

It shows how all the areas of Globalisation link.

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51
Q

Which Model does the Cobweb model contrast?

A

The Realist Billiard Ball model.

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52
Q

What kind of power did Obama use when he was battling the Middle Eastern conflict?

A

Smart

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53
Q

Given an example of how Obama used Smart Power when battling the Middle Eastern conflict?

A

In his 2009 Cairo speech he talked about the importance of Islamic culture- countering Bush’s ‘War on Terror’ campaign which aggravated Middle East. However, he did use military power to deploy fighter drones after US hostages were beheaded by the so called IS.

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54
Q

What is the Schengen Agreement?

A

An agreement which enables all EU citizens to get free movement.

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55
Q

Which is the agreement which enables free movement in the EU?

  1. Schengen Agreement
  2. Belgium Agreement
  3. Slavic Agreement
A
  1. Schengen Agreement
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56
Q

What are the 3 ways in which Liberals believe that conflict could be reduced?

A
  1. Democracy
  2. IGOs
  3. Economic interdependance
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57
Q

Can you give 3 of the views that Realists hold on States and Sovereignty?

A
  1. States are the primary and most important actors
  2. Sovereignty is key and shouldn’t be given away unless another states sovereignty is infringing on national interest.
  3. States should be wary of IGOs and bargain for VETO powers.
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58
Q

Can you give 3 of the views that Liberals hold on States and Sovereignty?

A
  1. States are important but work in a web of other actors like IGOs
  2. Sovereignty is used to a states advantage such as pooling in an IGO.
  3. Another states sovereignty may be infringed to protect international law.
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59
Q

Who came up with the idea of the Kantian Triangle?

A

Immanuel Kant. He claimed ‘Republican constitutions, commercial trade and a system of international law fosters peaceful relations within states.

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60
Q

What is the role of the Kantian Triangle?

A
  1. It helps us understand links with the strengthening trade.
  2. It shows how to contribute to peaceful solutions.
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61
Q

Can you give an example of how an IGO has promoted democracy and democratic values?

A

The EU has been reluctant to let Turkey become a member due to its counts of Human Rights issues.

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62
Q

Can you give 4 examples of how conflict dominates global politics?

A
  1. Conflict exists in all forms
  2. There has been a rise in terrorism since 9/11
  3. Conflict is limited but does exist
  4. Civil wars are increasing
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63
Q

Can you give 3 examples of how cooperation dominates global politics?

A
  1. Complex interdependence
  2. Increase in IGOs to offer peaceful solutions.
  3. International efforts to restore shared challenges
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64
Q

Since what year has there been a growth in IGOs?

A

1945

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65
Q

What does the R2P stand for?

A

The Un Responsibility to Protect

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66
Q

When was the R2P introduced?

A

2005

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67
Q

Why was the R2p introduced?

A

During and after the Rwandan genocide the UN released the doctrine that other states should have a responsibility to intervene and prevent suffering.

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68
Q

What did Blair outline in his Chicago 1999 speech?

A

That USA should continue to support other countries in resolving issues.

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69
Q

Give 3 reasons which suggest how democracy does contribute to peace?

A
  1. Civil war is less common in states with internal democracy
  2. Democratic countries need to win elections so are less likely to create conflict which risks votes.
  3. Wars must be seen as legit as people can be held accountable (Blair 2003)
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70
Q

Give 4 reasons which suggest how democracy does contribute to peace?

A
  1. A democratic decision to not become involved in conflict may not result in peace
  2. During 2003, 2 democratic countries entered into the Iraq war which was later deemed as illegal.
  3. Blair and Clinton did win the elections after the unrest in Iraq.
  4. No democracy is perfect
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71
Q

Can you give an example of how the decision to not become involved in conflict or war resulted in further conflict?

A

The UK and USA were argued that they should’ve entered into a war to remove Assad in 2013.

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72
Q

What did Blair claim after NATOs intervention in Kosovo?

A

States work with international communities more often than in their own national interest.

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73
Q

true or false: Liberals argue that some states do not work in their own national interest such as when giving AID.

A

true

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74
Q

true or false: Liberals argue that human rights are worth defending regardless of national interest. This also promotes liberal values.

A

true

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75
Q

Who came up with the idea of the “End of History”?

A

Fukuyama in 1989

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76
Q

What was the general idea of the “End of History”?

A

It proposed that mankind’s ideological theories were over and that Liberal democracy has come out victorious. This was due to the collapse of the Soviet Union as well as the End of the Cold war.

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77
Q

Can you give me the 6 reasons which suggests why Fukuyama believed we were at the “End of History”?

A
  1. Capitalist Creep was occurring (greater democratic, individual and economic freedoms).
  2. To be prosperous, even communist states needed some capitalist values.
  3. There is an end of ideological struggle.
  4. Islam would not impact us due to constraints of the religion of the state.
  5. Cold war and collapse of the S. Union
  6. Western liberal democracy is ultimate.
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78
Q

Can you give 3 examples of how Fukuyama’s views of the End of History have been countered?

A
  1. It directly challenges the Marxist thinking.
  2. 9/11 there has been a clash of civilisations rather than ideologies (Huntington).
  3. It is dangerous to assume the best system of gov. is USA style as it failed to work when implemented in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003 and 2001 respectively.
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79
Q

Can you give 4 features of China?

A
  1. It is the 2nd largest global economy
  2. No independent media outlets
  3. It curtails human rights (according to 2016 Human Rights watch report)
  4. It is a single party state with no opposition
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80
Q

What 3 economic freedoms have been introduced in China by Xiaoping?

A
  1. Agriculture is now privately owned.
  2. China opened to foreign investments.
  3. Private individuals can pen businesses.
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81
Q

How does China argue that economic freedom with limited political freedom aids the country?

A

It prevents the country from being held back. This has been shown by the 10% increase of economic growth from 1989. However, this growth has not been evenly spread to individuals as GDP per Capita (2016) was 7x higher in USA to China even with less manufacturing.

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82
Q

What year was the pro-democracy protest held in China, and what was the outcome?

A

1989 and it led to 200 deaths in just one city- Tiananmen Square. This led to the reversal of some freedoms such as a clamp down on media access.

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83
Q

What percentage of Chinese people are suggested to be MC by 2022?

A

75% but there is still discontent which has led to land seizures.

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84
Q

How does China combat the idea of the End of History?

A

Fukuyama claims that Liberalism has succeeded against Communism and now the battle for ideology is over. However, China is a country with a thriving economy but is communist.

85
Q

What percentage of states were Liberal in 2013?

A

60%

86
Q

By 2017, what percentage of countries were considered a democracy?

A

57%

87
Q

What fraction of the worlds population lives in China?

A

1/6

88
Q

After the 07-09 economic crisis, how much did global trade decline by?

A

9%

89
Q

Can you give a criticism of the Clash of Civilisations?

A
  1. Do civilisations always act in a coordinated way?
    OR
  2. Unified civilisations do not exist anymore as globalisation has created a complex interdependence and shared values/cultures.
90
Q

Can you give 1+ of the 3 suggests which show how we should avoid a clash of civilisations?

A
  1. The West should destabilise Islamic State area’s power should as through the attempts in Iran.
  2. Intervention into other states affairs would be destabilising.
  3. The West should make greater political, economic and military integration such as the expansion of EU or NATO.
91
Q

What is the fundamental idea surrounding the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ drafted by Huntington in 1993?

A

The source of global conflict would no longer be of political or economic turmoil rather cultural- such as between civilisations. This is linked to the interdependence which makes nation states less important, as well as the borders which are now considered to be ‘settled’ .

92
Q

What were the 8- possibly 9, states drafted by Huntington?

A
  1. Western
  2. Orthodox
  3. Islamic
  4. African
  5. Latin American
  6. Sinic
  7. Hindu
  8. Japanese
  9. Buddhist (????)
93
Q

Where is conflict emerging from according to Huntington?

A

The West and Non West.

For example, the current issue with Islamic terror in the West.

94
Q

What is a civilisation?

A

A group of people with shared values, culture and often religion.

95
Q

Huntington argued that “Global politics would be multi-polar, driven by a rise in religion which he suggested posed a risk”.
Is this true?

A

Yes, he suggested that globalisation is eroding a national identity and replacing it with a religious identity.
He didn’t believe that a global identity would be created due to peoples attachment to their heritage which they would defend.

96
Q

Can you give the basic definition for sovereignty?

A

The principal of absolute power and authority, and defining characteristics of the state. National sovereignty is the idea that a state has absolute authority over its citizens

97
Q

Can you give the basic definition for a nation state?

A

An autonomous political organisation defined by common ties of shared nationality, culture and citizenship

98
Q

What is the basic definition of globalisation?

A

The world is interconnected

99
Q

What was the congress of Vienna?

A

This was where the balance of power within Europe was reestablished after Napoleon tried to expand French power.

100
Q

What is the Peace of Westphalia?

A

This was the treaty which ended the 30 year war- ending the catholic popes claim to possess sovereignty over virtually independent german states. It was signed but all except England and Russia.
It was established that each individual state should have sovereignty over internal affairs, and no other state or superior body should intervene with its borders.
This ended with the idea that the world should be governed by one empire.

101
Q

When was the Peace of Westphalia?

A

1648

102
Q

When was the Congress of Vienna?

A

1814-15

103
Q

When we’re India and Pakistan created?

A

1947

104
Q

How many states are there in 2017, and how many of the same independent states were there in 1910?

A

197, and 15

105
Q

Which 2 countries were unified under the communist rule?

A

China and Vietnam

106
Q

How did Wilson expand on the idea of Westphalian principles?

A

He began his 14 pints which included open diplomacy and freedom of the seas.

107
Q

What countries were created as a response to the 14 points (Wilson)?

A

Austria, Hungary, Poland etc

108
Q

What was the Montevideo Convention?

A

It suggested that the sovereign state must possess law making powers, defined territory, permanent population, stable government and a capacity to participate in international affairs.

109
Q

When was the Montevideo Convention?

A

1993

110
Q

How does the UN recognise state sovereignty?

A
  • States work in their own national interest
  • Legitimacy comes from recognition from other nation states
  • No other state has the right to intervene with another
  • Nation states are dominant
111
Q

What can the Washington Consensus also be called?

A

Economic Liberalism

112
Q

Who coined the idea of Washington Consensus

A

John Williamson

113
Q

When was the Washington Consensus begun?

A

1989

114
Q

What is the Washington Consensus?

A

It is the 10 policy proposals designed to improve economic growth especially for Latin American Countries.
It was also coined by African Countries who tried to created market based reforms such as by the World Bank

115
Q

Why was the Washington Consensus made?

A

It was the general idea that conditions created by the consensus such as low taxation would be good for business

116
Q

What is the globalisation of markets?

A

This is the idea that global events can impact a states economic wellbeing.

117
Q

Can you give an example of a globalisation of market which led to global crisis?

A

The financial crash in 2008/9 was caused by the USA bank, Lehman Brothers crashing. The sub-prime mortgage process caused the crash and global crisis. This led to international trade falling by 9%.

118
Q

What are non state actors?

A

IGOs, NGO, Charities etc

119
Q

What is the Bretton Woods organisation?

A

It makes up the World bank, WHO and IMF. It works on the idea that economic growth is maximised by free trade, and argued that gov. should adopt policies to attract investors which impacts on nationals sovereignty due to global free trade.

120
Q

Why is the Bretton Woods organisation called that?

A

The Bretton Woods organisations were created at a global conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA in 1944.

121
Q

What is the role of the UN?

A

It is a body designed to let states peacefully resolve disputes which may impact the globe.

122
Q

When was the UN established?

A

1945

123
Q

Does the UN impact a states sovereignty?

A

NO. This is because the decisions are optional and there is no punishment if they’re not followed.

124
Q

Which 5 major organisations did the UN create?

A
  1. World Health Organisation
  2. International Atomic Energy Company
  3. World Food Program
  4. UNICEF (International Children’s Fund)
  5. UNHCR (High Commission for Refugee).
125
Q

In addition to the global organisations, what regional organisations were also created by the UN?

A
  1. 1957 EEC/EU
  2. 1967 ASEAN (Southeast Asian nations)
  3. 1991 Mercosur
  4. 1994 NAFTA (N.Amer free trade agreement).
126
Q

Why is the UN security council controversial?

A

The UN council is controversial because there are 5 permanent members who can veto proposals.

127
Q

Can you give an example of how the UN security council has been seen as controversial?

A

Russia wanted to reclaim the warm water port in Sevastopol so Russian backed military entered the Crimea region of Ukraine. Russia claimed it was working in its own self-interest, and the UN was unable to do anything as Russia is a permanent member of the security council, meaning it can veto.

128
Q

Does the UN have an army?

A

No. It has a peace-keeping council

129
Q

What does race to the bottom mean?

A

This is the idea that there is a race within developing countries to reach the lowest wages, the lowest cost for producing the products which in turn harms worker safety

130
Q

Can you give 3 examples for why globalisation is a force for good?

A
  1. Benefits consumers due to low prices
  2. Developing countries benefit from export opportunities
  3. Foreign investment is stimulated due to low tax and wage which brings TNC to areas
131
Q

Can you give 3 reasons why globalisation is not a force for good?

A
  1. Increase divisions and tensions
  2. Unable to develop own companies and products so the countries remain reliant on the West
  3. TNCs look for the lowest wages, least regulated countries which undermines government attempts to battle these issues.
132
Q

What is the name for a country which is dependant if the West?

A

neo colonialism

133
Q

Why is there a “democratic deficit”?

A

This is because the rise of IMF, EU etc which make decisions but are unelected

134
Q

Is the destruction of local communities a positive or negative if globalisation?

A

negative

135
Q

How much environmental damage is annually created in ££?

A

£2.2 billion (eg Shell)

136
Q

What is the world system theory?

A

This is the theory which argues globalisation can lock developing countries into dependency status. This because they’re dependant on cheap exports, and new products cannot be invented due to trapping low level of development

137
Q

who came up with the world system theory?

A

Immanuel Wallerstein

138
Q

What is the term Wallerstein coined regarding trapping of developing countries?

A

Neo- colonialism

139
Q

In Vietnam, how much are the labour costs in comparison with China?

A

50% less

140
Q

How much higher is South Korea in terms of industrial output in comparison to North Korea?

A

Apparently, 17x more. However, they were the same in 1970 but S.K is much more open to free trade now.

141
Q

How many individuals died in the collapse if the Bangladesh factory collapse in 2013?

A

1,129

142
Q

Why were there a growing number of Chinese suicides whilst working at Foxcomm?

A

Young workers felt isolated

143
Q

How much did Estonia’s economy decrease by after the 2008-09 economic crash?

A

13% due to lack of remittances from the workers in the UK who stopped construction work.

144
Q

In the developing world, what fraction of people iwn a smartphone?

A

8/10

145
Q

What is the cheapest mobile in India?

A

£2.50

They can leap-frog technology

146
Q

Roughly how much taller are S Korea individuals than N Korea and why?

A

60% due to better foods and less poverty

147
Q

How has the number of individuals in extreme poverty in China changed from 1980-2015?

A

1980- 84%

2015- 12%

148
Q

In total, how has the number of individuals in poverty changed from 1980 to 2015?

A

1980: 1.9 billion
2015: 702 million

Even more impressive as between these times the population has increased by 3 billion

149
Q

What is a Westphalian Principle and what does it outline?

A

These are non interventions and ensure each state is responsible for human rights within its borders, reflecting local culture and tradition. This is a realist argument/

150
Q

How do Liberals view the role of global communities and human rights?

A

Liberals claim that human rights are universal as global communities create a certain set of rights which we all share as common humanity

151
Q

Can you give an example of a global body which protects rights?

A

The UN 1948 UDHR which is multi national.

152
Q

Can you give examples of human rights in the UDHR?

A

al humans being born free and equal, right to a fair trial, right to privacy, right to marry whom you wish and have a family, right to own property.

153
Q

What is an issue with the UDHR but how can this be resolved (arguably)?

A

This declaration provides a widely accepted standard of what human rights are, possessing moral force, but they’re not legally binding. It enables us to measure behaviour and standards of government.

154
Q

What is the role of the European Convention on Human Rights (1950)?

A

It asserts the rights of European citizens regardless of nationality, and was established by the European Court on Human Rights (ECHR)

155
Q

Can you give a reason why the ECHR is seen an ineffective, and do you have any examples which suggest this?

A

However, it lacks coercive powers to enforce judgments on states. For example, UK defied by not allowing prisoners voting rights, and Turkey’s membership was suspended following military coup in 2016. In addition, it gives states the final orbiter of human rights which suggests that centrality of states is in determining the rights of its citizens. This links to the fact that the independent states hold sovereignty limiting judicial powers. However, the IGO can put pressure on the countries in an increasingly authoritarian world order- but it can be ignored.

156
Q

Can you give an example of when a country abided by the ECHR?

A
  1. 2010 ECHR ruled the 2000 terrorism act (stop and search without reasonable suspicion) was contradictory to the ECHR and so May complied with the ruling and changed the legislation.
157
Q

Can you give 2 countries with large numbers of transgressions of the ECHR?

A
  1. In 2016, 222 judgments were made about Russia and the ECHR and 77 for Turkey.
158
Q

What is the New World Order and what is used to show it is the case?

A
  1. Ending of the Cold War and triumph of Liberal democracy boosts human rights. This is also shown with the ending conflict in NI and end of apartheid in South Africa. The UN establishment of a commissioner for Human Rights (Clinton, Blair and Kofi Annan) focused attention onto human rights and its importance in international relations.
159
Q

What now enables us to get access to instant news?

A
  1. Internet and globalization enables attention to be brought to issues, Rwanda etc.
160
Q

What is the ICC and the ICT

A

The Introduction of international courts in the 1990s established the Permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) which could prosecute criminals including the heads of state. The international Criminal Tribunal was also set up to persecute war criminals in 2002.

161
Q

How has international law failed human rights?

A
  1. UDHR is a soft power so nation state sovereignty regains supreme.
  2. ICC requires the cooperation of nation states. China and Russia refused to accept the jurisdiction, and some African leaders have signed inditements to attend.
162
Q

What was the UN response to the Iraqi conflict in 1991?

A

the UN resolution was to condemn 668 cases of Hussain’s retribution against rebels which led to UK, USA and France creating no fly zones over these areas.

163
Q

Can you give some examples of how global communities have failed to resolve international conflict?

A
  1. 800,000 lives lost in Rwandan Genocide (1994)
  2. Return of Taliban power in Afghanistan (2021)
  3. US and UK invaded Iraq without proper support (2003)
  4. Failure to intervene in Syria
  5. Conflict between USA, China and Russia has limited global strength and actions.
164
Q

Can you give 3 examples of how initial Liberal optimism has been replaced by assertive realism?

A
  1. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, The future appeared to be one of greater global cooperation.
  2. Bush spoke of New World order which was based on global community
  3. However, this liberal optimism has now been replaced. For example, Trump in 2017 said the US would not be seen to impose our way of life on anyone and that America comes first. This endorsed self-interest as a guiding principle for nation states.
165
Q

Can you talk about the Syrian Case Study?

A
  1. Prewar population became enraged and demanded democratic accountability from their leaders in 2011.
  2. 250,000 people are expected to have died (25,000 being children) and 6.2 million have had to leave their homes.
  3. Russia and China have blocked any intervention into Assad’s regime as they’re interested in the country. In addition, USA has not found any rebel groups to form an alliance with so are unable to get involved, but did send CIA to help them silently, and was aiming to get the rebels to fight ISIS not Assad.
  4. Gulf states end income and products the rebels to counter the effects of Iran backing Syria.
  5. The USA in 2017 decided to launch missiles at Syria to get Assad after his chemical attacks. This was a swift change from his original point of view which was to keep him in power there.
166
Q

What is cultural homogenisation?

A

A global culture is established as the cultures of nation states are flattened out.

167
Q

What is a monoculture?

A

The similarities of the lives of individuals are greater than the differences- this is aided by cultural homogeneity

168
Q

What is cultural globalisation?

A

The process by which people all over the world participate in the same homogenised global culture, so our cultural differences become less striking than our cultural similarities.

169
Q

What is Coca Colonisation?

A

The term coined by Brendan Barber to describe cultural globalisation. This is the idea of commodity fetishism whereby we are so obsessed with materialism we undermine the uniqueness of our own culture.

170
Q

What % of internet traffic is English?

A

50%

171
Q

What is the second most popular tourist attraction for Chinese tourists?

A

Bicester Village

172
Q

What is Americanisation?

A

This idea that the Western culture is all around the globe.

173
Q

What is the idea of a Global Marketplace?

A

The idea that globalisation can provide us with greater choice rather than a monoculture.

174
Q

Can you give 3 evidences that suggest that we live in a global marketplace?

A
  1. The most popular TV show in Russia (2015) was Sherlock (UK)
  2. Nando’s has 339 branches and it was originally 1 in 1992
  3. Manga
175
Q

Can you give an example of how globalisation has enabled countries to mould brands to their culture?

A

Bollywood in India

176
Q

What does the Limits if Materialism suggest?

A

Globalisation creates a cultural void based on greed and narcissism which enables extremist views to step into the void.

177
Q

Which country is led by Orban and promotes Christianity to reduce Islam?

A

Hungary

178
Q

Which Netherland president argued Islam has no place in Dutch society?

A

Wilder

179
Q

How does the clash of civilisations relate to coca colonialism?

A

Cultures and nations may feel threatened about Coca Colonisation so may take drastic action to seem superior.

180
Q

How many countries oppose homosexuality?

A

72 and 10 have the death penalty for it

181
Q

What is Islamic Fundamentalism?

A

Inspired by writings of Qutb.
He lived in the USA from 1948-50 and was shocked by its ‘moral depravity and materialism which contrasted with islamic purity. The appeal of Islamic Fundamentalism has grown since 1980

182
Q

What percentage of the worlds population drink a coca cola product a day?

A

20%

183
Q

What nationality are the 10 most popular films from?

A

USA (1st being Avatar)

184
Q

What is the wealthiest business globally?

A

Sinopec (2017) (Chinese)

185
Q

What are 2 of the words most popular sports?

A

Football Cricket

186
Q

What invasion limited US power?

A

IRAQ

187
Q

What is the most watched video on youtube?

A

Gangnam Style (2.74bn)

188
Q

The collapse of what regime limited USA power and influence?

A

Afghanistan (2021)

189
Q

What is the definition of a World Government?

A

All political decision making is centralised within one supranational body.

190
Q

What do Hyper Globalisers argue about Globalisation and the Nation State?

A
  1. nation states are becoming obsolete
  2. borderless world
  3. world government
  4. global trends dilute cultures
  5. bobbit argues the state is hollowed out by globalisation
191
Q

What do sceptics argue about globalisation?

A
  1. globalising began and failed on 1870-1913 with WW1. This was with the start of the telegraphic communication.
  2. States undermine regional bodies (UN security council)
  3. BREXIT AND TRUMP have undermined democracy and globalisation
192
Q

What do realists argue about globalisation?

A

Globalisation is undermining nation states

193
Q

What do liberals argue about nation states?

A

Globalisation promotes security and prosperity

194
Q

How did the Scottish Referendum start a pledge of nationalism?

A

In 2014 Scotland only narrowly stayed in the UK and in the 2015 election SNP got 56/59 seats

195
Q

What do transformatists argue about globalisation?

A
  1. argue globalisation impacts nation states
  2. states work with global legislation
  3. states work in regional bodies
  4. states still have control over monetary and the trade
196
Q

How can it be argued that globalisation occurred in the 1870s?

A

Global trade expanded under the British empire and its influence was found around the world in politics, legality and education.

197
Q

What is the Chinese Firewall?

A

The policing of the internet which only allows certain films and webpages

198
Q

In 2017, what nan did Trump place on refugees?

A

Placed a 50,000 ban and an indefinite ban on Syrian refugees

199
Q

What does the Article 50 if the Lisbon Treaty do?

A

Gives EU countries a right to reclaim sovereignty

200
Q

How many people started working in the US Homeland Security Department after 9/11?

A

240,000 and it became the 3rd largest federal department

201
Q

In 2017, how many Muslim countries did he ban migrants to and from?

A

7

202
Q

What new data did citizens going to Russia have to provide?

A

Their fingerprints

203
Q

What is the role of the UK Investigatory Powers act 2016?

A

Requires all web and telecoms companies to store all web search history for 1 year and give security services access

204
Q

Which celebrity is a UN Special Envoy for refugees?

A

Angelina Jolie

She addressed the UNSC on Syrian Refugees

205
Q

Carter Centre has almost eradicated what disease?

A

Guinea will disease

206
Q

What does the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation aim to fight?

A

Poverty in the developing world

207
Q

Can you give 6 reasons how globalisation has challenged nation states?

A
  1. Economic Globalisation
  2. NGOS
  3. Intergovernmentalism
  4. Regional Organisations
  5. Challenges from Below
  6. The Internet
208
Q

Can you give 7 examples of how the state is still important?

A
  1. National Allegiance
  2. State egotism
  3. Limits of Liberalism
  4. National Borders and Security
  5. International Law
  6. Human Rights and Civil Liberties
  7. Policy and the State

Politics (5 decks)

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