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Russia MOCK > Political Authority (booklet one) > Flashcards

Political Authority (booklet one) Flashcards

1
Q

Nicholas II

A

Last Tsar of Russia, ruled from 1894 to 1917.

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2
Q

Famine of 1891-92

A

Catastrophic famine causing widespread suffering in Russia.

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3
Q

Autocracy

A

Government system where one person holds absolute power.

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4
Q

Zemstva

A

Local self-government bodies advocating for autonomy.

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5
Q

Prince Lvov

A

Liberal leader demanding a national assembly in Russia.

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6
Q

Russification

A

Policy promoting Russian culture over other ethnicities.

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7
Q

Witte

A

Finance Minister driving industrialisation and modernisation.

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8
Q

Literacy Rate

A

57.8% in 1897, indicating educated workforce growth.

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9
Q

Proletariat

A

Working class capable of organizing strikes.

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10
Q

Textile Strikes

A

Massive strikes in 1896-97, primarily by women workers.

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11
Q

Factory Legislation

A

Law restricting working hours to eleven and a half.

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12
Q

Marxist Social Democrats

A

Political group encouraging worker strikes in Russia.

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13
Q

Zubatov Trade Unions

A

Police-supervised unions aimed at improving workers’ lives.

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14
Q

General Strike

A

Widespread worker strike, notably in Odessa, 1903.

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15
Q

Okhrana

A

Secret police enforcing government repression in Russia.

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16
Q

Stolypin’s Necktie

A

Nickname for frequent executions under Minister Stolypin.

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17
Q

Peasant Revolts

A

Violent uprisings against landlords in 1902-03.

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18
Q

Cossack Charges

A

Mounted police brutality against protesting students.

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19
Q

Years of the Red Cockerel

A

Period marked by rural arson and unrest.

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20
Q

Industrial Strikes

A

Increased from 17,000 in 1894 to 90,000 in 1904.

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21
Q

Father Georgi Gapon

A

Formed a union in 1904 based on Zubatov’s model.

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22
Q

Political Repression

A

Government response involving arrests and executions.

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23
Q

Socialist Revolutionaries

A

Radical group gaining support among students and workers.

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24
Q

Leo Tolstoy

A

Wrote an open letter criticizing government repression.

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25
Q

International Recession

A

Post-1900 economic downturn affecting Russian workers.

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26
Q

Peasant Anger

A

Resentment over taxes and exploitative rents.

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27
Q

Political Prisoners

A

Prisons filled with dissenters during Nicholas’s reign.

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28
Q

Government Bureaucracy

A

Inefficient system leading to public mistrust.

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29
Q

Worker Militancy

A

Increased activism among urban workers in the 1890s.

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30
Q

Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers

A

Union formed in 1904 by Father Georgi Gapon.

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31
Q

Bloody Sunday

A

January 9, 1905, massacre of peaceful protesters.

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32
Q

Plehve

A

Minister of Internal Affairs who approved Gapon’s union.

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33
Q

Petition to the Tsar

A

Workers’ demands for better conditions delivered on Bloody Sunday.

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34
Q

Industrial action

A

Strikes called by Gapon after workers’ dismissals.

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35
Q

1905 Revolution

A

Spontaneous revolt against Tsarist regime in Russia.

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36
Q

Strike movement

A

Over 2.7 million workers striking by end of 1905.

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37
Q

Peasant unrest

A

Spontaneous revolts demanding land and rights.

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38
Q

All-Russian Peasant Union

A

Formed in May 1905, representing peasant interests.

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39
Q

Peasant disturbances

A

3,228 serious incidents requiring military intervention.

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40
Q

Potemkin Mutiny

A

Crew rebellion on battleship against poor conditions.

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41
Q

October Manifesto

A

Tsar’s concessions granting civil freedoms and a Duma.

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42
Q

Duma

A

Elected assembly proposed in October Manifesto.

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43
Q

Union of Liberation

A

Liberal group formed in October 1905 for reforms.

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44
Q

Constitutional Democratic Party

A

Kadets, demanding universal suffrage and national rights.

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45
Q

Council of Workers’ Deputies

A

Formed in October 1905 to coordinate strikes.

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46
Q

Mutinies

A

Sporadic army rebellions threatening regime stability.

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47
Q

Fraternisation

A

Troops and rioters collaborating during unrest.

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48
Q

Nationalist parties

A

Groups demanding autonomy or independence within the Empire.

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49
Q

Economic discontent

A

Workers’ dissatisfaction leading to strikes and protests.

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50
Q

Cossack charges

A

Military tactics used against protesters on Bloody Sunday.

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51
Q

Armed police

A

12,000 sent to suppress protests after Bloody Sunday.

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52
Q

Orthodox Church

A

Provided support for Gapon’s union and protests.

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53
Q

Roubles damage

A

Estimated 29 million roubles lost due to peasant unrest.

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54
Q

Kronstadt and Sebastopol

A

Locations of notable naval mutinies during unrest.

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55
Q

Universal Franchise

A

Voting rights extended to previously disenfranchised classes.

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56
Q

Black Hundreds

A

Right-wing paramilitary groups supporting the Tsar.

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57
Q

St Petersburg Soviet

A

Workers’ council that led strikes and uprisings.

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58
Q

Agrarian Unrest

A

Peasant disturbances due to land and economic issues.

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59
Q

Fundamental Laws

A

1906 laws reaffirming Tsar’s autocratic powers.

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60
Q

State Council

A

Upper chamber of the Duma, half elected by Tsar.

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61
Q

State Duma

A

Lower chamber with indirect voting system.

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62
Q

Indirect Voting

A

Voting system where delegates represent voters.

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63
Q

Kadets

A

Liberal party advocating for extensive reforms.

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64
Q

Trudoviks

A

Radical party seeking socialization of land.

65
Q

Vyborg Manifesto

A

Appeal to refuse taxes and military service.

66
Q

Pytor Stolypin

A

Prime Minister known for agrarian reforms.

67
Q

Social Democrats

A

Political party leading armed uprisings in Moscow.

68
Q

December Manifesto

A

Government promise of better military pay and conditions.

69
Q

Peasant Disturbances

A

Ongoing unrest among peasants throughout 1906.

70
Q

Tsar Nicholas II

A

Autocratic ruler with limited commitment to reforms.

71
Q

Emergency Powers

A

Tsar’s authority to legislate without Duma approval.

72
Q

Mass Executions

A

150,000 executed during unrest from 1905-1906.

73
Q

Council of Ministers

A

Government body appointed by the Tsar.

74
Q

Right and Left Conflict

A

Violence between Tsar’s supporters and revolutionaries.

75
Q

Jewish Pogroms

A

Attacks on Jewish communities during unrest.

76
Q

Legislative Power

A

Authority to create laws, subject to Tsar’s approval.

77
Q

Political Assassination

A

Attempted killing of Stolypin amid unrest.

78
Q

Civil Liberties

A

Rights promised in the October Manifesto.

79
Q

Military Mutiny

A

Rebellion within armed forces against Tsar’s rule.

80
Q

Third Duma

A

Operated from Nov 1907 to June 1912.

81
Q

Stolypin

A

Prime Minister focused on economic and social reforms.

82
Q

Right-wing deputies

A

Dominated the Third Duma’s composition.

83
Q

Article 87

A

Allowed government to bypass Duma legislation.

84
Q

Assassination of Stolypin

A

Occurred on September 18, 1911.

85
Q

Land reform

A

Notable reform achieved during the Third Duma.

86
Q

1908 education reform

A

Established compulsory primary education for ages 8-11.

87
Q

Justices of the Peace

A

Replaced Land Captains, restoring local justice.

88
Q

National health insurance scheme

A

Provided sickness benefits to workers.

89
Q

Fourth Duma

A

Functioned from Nov 1912 until 1917.

90
Q

Kokovstov

A

Prime Minister who ignored the Fourth Duma.

91
Q

Lena Goldfield massacre

A

April 1912 event that sparked worker unrest.

92
Q

Progressive Bloc

A

Formed by two-thirds of Fourth Duma deputies.

93
Q

Government spending on education

A

Increased from 19 million to 76 million roubles.

94
Q

Orthodox Church reform

A

Proposed self-governance but delayed by the Tsar.

95
Q

Vodka consumption talks

A

Initiated to address public health issues.

96
Q

Bolsheviks

A

Led by Lenin, focused on centralized revolution.

97
Q

Mensheviks

A

Opposed Bolsheviks; favored gradual socialist evolution.

98
Q

Social Revolutionaries (SRs)

A

Party of peasants, involved in political assassinations.

99
Q

Internal feuds

A

Divided SRs, weakening their political influence.

100
Q

Stolypin’s necktie

A

Nickname for execution method used by Stolypin.

101
Q

Field courts martial

A

Executed 1,144 death sentences under Stolypin.

102
Q

Revolutionary violence

A

Increased in summer 1906, prompting Stolypin’s crackdown.

103
Q

Constitutional experiment failure

A

By 1914, Duma’s effectiveness was evident as failing.

104
Q

Tsar’s reluctance

A

Nicholas II resisted working with the Duma.

105
Q

Stolypin’s Reforms

A

Agricultural changes to incentivize peasant productivity.

106
Q

Volost

A

Rural district level for local governance.

107
Q

Land Captains

A

Local officials replaced by Justices of the Peace.

108
Q

Primary Schools

A

Number nearly doubled from 1905 to 1914.

109
Q

Health Expenditure

A

Zemstva spending on health doubled from 1906 to 1912.

110
Q

Religious Toleration

A

Extension of religious freedom across the Empire.

111
Q

Second Duma

A

Dissolved by Tsar due to opposition.

112
Q

Conservative Electorate

A

Result of reduced peasant and worker votes.

113
Q

February Revolution

A

Mass protests leading to the Tsar’s abdication.

114
Q

Petrograd Strikes

A

Over 250,000 workers striking in March 1917.

115
Q

Rodzianko’s Telegram

A

Urgent message about anarchy in Petrograd.

116
Q

Volynskii Regiment

A

Soldiers mutinied and supported protestors.

117
Q

Provisional Committee

A

Duma’s 12-man group to govern temporarily.

118
Q

Petrograd Soviet

A

Workers’ committee organizing food and governance.

119
Q

Rasputin’s Influence

A

Undermined Tsar’s credibility with nobility and church.

120
Q

World War I Impact

A

Exacerbated hardships and casualties in Russia.

121
Q

Progressive Block

A

Duma faction demanding more political power.

122
Q

July Days

A

Radical workers’ uprising against the Provisional Government.

123
Q

Bolshevik Slogans

A

Calls for ‘All power to the Soviets’.

124
Q

Kerensky’s Attack

A

Claimed Lenin was a German spy.

125
Q

Pravda

A

Bolshevik newspaper shut down after July Days.

126
Q

Kamenev and Trotsky

A

Bolshevik leaders arrested during July Days.

127
Q

Military Support

A

Army’s high command backed the Duma committee.

128
Q

Tsar’s Abdication

A

End of 300 years of Romanov rule.

129
Q

Duma’s Limited Power

A

Inability to enact significant reforms pre-1917.

130
Q

Mutiny Consequences

A

Soldiers joined protestors, weakening Tsar’s authority.

131
Q

Nicholas’ Failings

A

Personal weaknesses led to ineffective rule.

132
Q

Social Class Alienation

A

Nicholas lost support from all societal groups.

133
Q

Kornilov Coup

A

Failed military coup against the Provisional Government.

134
Q

Provisional Government

A

Temporary government established after Tsar’s abdication.

135
Q

Kerensky

A

Leader of the Provisional Government during 1917.

136
Q

Social Revolutionaries

A

Political party representing peasant interests.

137
Q

Martov

A

Leader of the Mensheviks in 1903.

138
Q

Lenin

A

Leader of the Bolsheviks, key revolutionary figure.

139
Q

April Theses

A

Lenin’s directives for immediate revolutionary action.

140
Q

Soviets

A

Workers’ councils formed during the revolution.

141
Q

Red Guards

A

Bolshevik paramilitary force during the revolution.

142
Q

Constituent Assembly

A

Elected body intended to create a new government.

143
Q

Political prisoners

A

Individuals imprisoned for opposing the government.

144
Q

Capital punishment ban

A

Provisional Government’s policy against execution in army.

145
Q

Dislocation of railways

A

Rail transport disruption due to World War I.

146
Q

Grain prices

A

Doubled between February and June 1917.

147
Q

Bread rations

A

Reduced from 675 to 110 in Petrograd by October.

148
Q

Kronstadt sailors

A

Naval forces that led the July Days uprising.

149
Q

Trotsky

A

Key Bolshevik leader and Chairman of Petrograd Soviet.

150
Q

Bolshevik membership

A

Increased from 23,000 in February to 200,000 by October.

151
Q

Strikes in Petrograd

A

Labor unrest contributing to revolutionary sentiment.

152
Q

Martial law

A

Military control imposed to suppress unrest.

153
Q

Political change

A

Shift from autocracy to liberal constitution in Russia.

154
Q

Failure of Provisional Government

A

Lasted only eight months with little authority.

155
Q

Soviet Order No. 1

A

Protected soldiers from Provisional Government orders.

156
Q

Food and fuel shortages

A

Decline in living standards in urban areas.

157
Q

Political alienation

A

Loss of support from conservatives and moderates.

158
Q

Military rule

A

Support for authoritarian governance by some Liberals.

Russia MOCK (3 decks)

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