Political Authority (booklet one) Flashcards
1
Q
Nicholas II
A
Last Tsar of Russia, ruled from 1894 to 1917.
2
Q
Famine of 1891-92
A
Catastrophic famine causing widespread suffering in Russia.
3
Q
Autocracy
A
Government system where one person holds absolute power.
4
Q
Zemstva
A
Local self-government bodies advocating for autonomy.
5
Q
Prince Lvov
A
Liberal leader demanding a national assembly in Russia.
6
Q
Russification
A
Policy promoting Russian culture over other ethnicities.
7
Q
Witte
A
Finance Minister driving industrialisation and modernisation.
8
Q
Literacy Rate
A
57.8% in 1897, indicating educated workforce growth.
9
Q
Proletariat
A
Working class capable of organizing strikes.
10
Q
Textile Strikes
A
Massive strikes in 1896-97, primarily by women workers.
11
Q
Factory Legislation
A
Law restricting working hours to eleven and a half.
12
Q
Marxist Social Democrats
A
Political group encouraging worker strikes in Russia.
13
Q
Zubatov Trade Unions
A
Police-supervised unions aimed at improving workers’ lives.
14
Q
General Strike
A
Widespread worker strike, notably in Odessa, 1903.
15
Q
Okhrana
A
Secret police enforcing government repression in Russia.
16
Q
Stolypin’s Necktie
A
Nickname for frequent executions under Minister Stolypin.
17
Q
Peasant Revolts
A
Violent uprisings against landlords in 1902-03.
18
Q
Cossack Charges
A
Mounted police brutality against protesting students.
19
Q
Years of the Red Cockerel
A
Period marked by rural arson and unrest.
20
Q
Industrial Strikes
A
Increased from 17,000 in 1894 to 90,000 in 1904.
21
Q
Father Georgi Gapon
A
Formed a union in 1904 based on Zubatov’s model.
22
Q
Political Repression
A
Government response involving arrests and executions.
23
Q
Socialist Revolutionaries
A
Radical group gaining support among students and workers.
24
Q
Leo Tolstoy
A
Wrote an open letter criticizing government repression.
25
International Recession
Post-1900 economic downturn affecting Russian workers.
26
Peasant Anger
Resentment over taxes and exploitative rents.
27
Political Prisoners
Prisons filled with dissenters during Nicholas's reign.
28
Government Bureaucracy
Inefficient system leading to public mistrust.
29
Worker Militancy
Increased activism among urban workers in the 1890s.
30
Assembly of St Petersburg Factory Workers
Union formed in 1904 by Father Georgi Gapon.
31
Bloody Sunday
January 9, 1905, massacre of peaceful protesters.
32
Plehve
Minister of Internal Affairs who approved Gapon's union.
33
Petition to the Tsar
Workers' demands for better conditions delivered on Bloody Sunday.
34
Industrial action
Strikes called by Gapon after workers' dismissals.
35
1905 Revolution
Spontaneous revolt against Tsarist regime in Russia.
36
Strike movement
Over 2.7 million workers striking by end of 1905.
37
Peasant unrest
Spontaneous revolts demanding land and rights.
38
All-Russian Peasant Union
Formed in May 1905, representing peasant interests.
39
Peasant disturbances
3,228 serious incidents requiring military intervention.
40
Potemkin Mutiny
Crew rebellion on battleship against poor conditions.
41
October Manifesto
Tsar's concessions granting civil freedoms and a Duma.
42
Duma
Elected assembly proposed in October Manifesto.
43
Union of Liberation
Liberal group formed in October 1905 for reforms.
44
Constitutional Democratic Party
Kadets, demanding universal suffrage and national rights.
45
Council of Workers' Deputies
Formed in October 1905 to coordinate strikes.
46
Mutinies
Sporadic army rebellions threatening regime stability.
47
Fraternisation
Troops and rioters collaborating during unrest.
48
Nationalist parties
Groups demanding autonomy or independence within the Empire.
49
Economic discontent
Workers' dissatisfaction leading to strikes and protests.
50
Cossack charges
Military tactics used against protesters on Bloody Sunday.
51
Armed police
12,000 sent to suppress protests after Bloody Sunday.
52
Orthodox Church
Provided support for Gapon's union and protests.
53
Roubles damage
Estimated 29 million roubles lost due to peasant unrest.
54
Kronstadt and Sebastopol
Locations of notable naval mutinies during unrest.
55
Universal Franchise
Voting rights extended to previously disenfranchised classes.
56
Black Hundreds
Right-wing paramilitary groups supporting the Tsar.
57
St Petersburg Soviet
Workers' council that led strikes and uprisings.
58
Agrarian Unrest
Peasant disturbances due to land and economic issues.
59
Fundamental Laws
1906 laws reaffirming Tsar's autocratic powers.
60
State Council
Upper chamber of the Duma, half elected by Tsar.
61
State Duma
Lower chamber with indirect voting system.
62
Indirect Voting
Voting system where delegates represent voters.
63
Kadets
Liberal party advocating for extensive reforms.
64
Trudoviks
Radical party seeking socialization of land.
65
Vyborg Manifesto
Appeal to refuse taxes and military service.
66
Pytor Stolypin
Prime Minister known for agrarian reforms.
67
Social Democrats
Political party leading armed uprisings in Moscow.
68
December Manifesto
Government promise of better military pay and conditions.
69
Peasant Disturbances
Ongoing unrest among peasants throughout 1906.
70
Tsar Nicholas II
Autocratic ruler with limited commitment to reforms.
71
Emergency Powers
Tsar's authority to legislate without Duma approval.
72
Mass Executions
150,000 executed during unrest from 1905-1906.
73
Council of Ministers
Government body appointed by the Tsar.
74
Right and Left Conflict
Violence between Tsar's supporters and revolutionaries.
75
Jewish Pogroms
Attacks on Jewish communities during unrest.
76
Legislative Power
Authority to create laws, subject to Tsar's approval.
77
Political Assassination
Attempted killing of Stolypin amid unrest.
78
Civil Liberties
Rights promised in the October Manifesto.
79
Military Mutiny
Rebellion within armed forces against Tsar's rule.
80
Third Duma
Operated from Nov 1907 to June 1912.
81
Stolypin
Prime Minister focused on economic and social reforms.
82
Right-wing deputies
Dominated the Third Duma's composition.
83
Article 87
Allowed government to bypass Duma legislation.
84
Assassination of Stolypin
Occurred on September 18, 1911.
85
Land reform
Notable reform achieved during the Third Duma.
86
1908 education reform
Established compulsory primary education for ages 8-11.
87
Justices of the Peace
Replaced Land Captains, restoring local justice.
88
National health insurance scheme
Provided sickness benefits to workers.
89
Fourth Duma
Functioned from Nov 1912 until 1917.
90
Kokovstov
Prime Minister who ignored the Fourth Duma.
91
Lena Goldfield massacre
April 1912 event that sparked worker unrest.
92
Progressive Bloc
Formed by two-thirds of Fourth Duma deputies.
93
Government spending on education
Increased from 19 million to 76 million roubles.
94
Orthodox Church reform
Proposed self-governance but delayed by the Tsar.
95
Vodka consumption talks
Initiated to address public health issues.
96
Bolsheviks
Led by Lenin, focused on centralized revolution.
97
Mensheviks
Opposed Bolsheviks; favored gradual socialist evolution.
98
Social Revolutionaries (SRs)
Party of peasants, involved in political assassinations.
99
Internal feuds
Divided SRs, weakening their political influence.
100
Stolypin's necktie
Nickname for execution method used by Stolypin.
101
Field courts martial
Executed 1,144 death sentences under Stolypin.
102
Revolutionary violence
Increased in summer 1906, prompting Stolypin's crackdown.
103
Constitutional experiment failure
By 1914, Duma's effectiveness was evident as failing.
104
Tsar's reluctance
Nicholas II resisted working with the Duma.
105
Stolypin's Reforms
Agricultural changes to incentivize peasant productivity.
106
Volost
Rural district level for local governance.
107
Land Captains
Local officials replaced by Justices of the Peace.
108
Primary Schools
Number nearly doubled from 1905 to 1914.
109
Health Expenditure
Zemstva spending on health doubled from 1906 to 1912.
110
Religious Toleration
Extension of religious freedom across the Empire.
111
Second Duma
Dissolved by Tsar due to opposition.
112
Conservative Electorate
Result of reduced peasant and worker votes.
113
February Revolution
Mass protests leading to the Tsar's abdication.
114
Petrograd Strikes
Over 250,000 workers striking in March 1917.
115
Rodzianko's Telegram
Urgent message about anarchy in Petrograd.
116
Volynskii Regiment
Soldiers mutinied and supported protestors.
117
Provisional Committee
Duma's 12-man group to govern temporarily.
118
Petrograd Soviet
Workers' committee organizing food and governance.
119
Rasputin's Influence
Undermined Tsar's credibility with nobility and church.
120
World War I Impact
Exacerbated hardships and casualties in Russia.
121
Progressive Block
Duma faction demanding more political power.
122
July Days
Radical workers' uprising against the Provisional Government.
123
Bolshevik Slogans
Calls for 'All power to the Soviets'.
124
Kerensky's Attack
Claimed Lenin was a German spy.
125
Pravda
Bolshevik newspaper shut down after July Days.
126
Kamenev and Trotsky
Bolshevik leaders arrested during July Days.
127
Military Support
Army's high command backed the Duma committee.
128
Tsar's Abdication
End of 300 years of Romanov rule.
129
Duma's Limited Power
Inability to enact significant reforms pre-1917.
130
Mutiny Consequences
Soldiers joined protestors, weakening Tsar's authority.
131
Nicholas' Failings
Personal weaknesses led to ineffective rule.
132
Social Class Alienation
Nicholas lost support from all societal groups.
133
Kornilov Coup
Failed military coup against the Provisional Government.
134
Provisional Government
Temporary government established after Tsar's abdication.
135
Kerensky
Leader of the Provisional Government during 1917.
136
Social Revolutionaries
Political party representing peasant interests.
137
Martov
Leader of the Mensheviks in 1903.
138
Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks, key revolutionary figure.
139
April Theses
Lenin's directives for immediate revolutionary action.
140
Soviets
Workers' councils formed during the revolution.
141
Red Guards
Bolshevik paramilitary force during the revolution.
142
Constituent Assembly
Elected body intended to create a new government.
143
Political prisoners
Individuals imprisoned for opposing the government.
144
Capital punishment ban
Provisional Government's policy against execution in army.
145
Dislocation of railways
Rail transport disruption due to World War I.
146
Grain prices
Doubled between February and June 1917.
147
Bread rations
Reduced from 675 to 110 in Petrograd by October.
148
Kronstadt sailors
Naval forces that led the July Days uprising.
149
Trotsky
Key Bolshevik leader and Chairman of Petrograd Soviet.
150
Bolshevik membership
Increased from 23,000 in February to 200,000 by October.
151
Strikes in Petrograd
Labor unrest contributing to revolutionary sentiment.
152
Martial law
Military control imposed to suppress unrest.
153
Political change
Shift from autocracy to liberal constitution in Russia.
154
Failure of Provisional Government
Lasted only eight months with little authority.
155
Soviet Order No. 1
Protected soldiers from Provisional Government orders.
156
Food and fuel shortages
Decline in living standards in urban areas.
157
Political alienation
Loss of support from conservatives and moderates.
158
Military rule
Support for authoritarian governance by some Liberals.
