policy Flashcards
1870 Education Act
before 1833 the state spent no public money on education
the poor were educated by the church
state schooling became compulsory for children aged 13
1944 Education Act/ Butler Act
free state education for all from 5-15 in the format of the tripardtite system
11+ exam to compete for places in grammer schools
those who failed (generally wc) went to secondary modern
legitimising and reproducing class inequality
comprehensive system
introduced to remove class inequality and introduce the idea of a meritocracy
AO3 comprehensive system
doesn’t promote equality because wc kid s will go to wc schools that underachieve
Gerwitz
argues only some parents benefit from the policies of marketisation
privileged skilled choosers
the myth of parentocracy
professional mc parents who use their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital for their children
these parents understand the admissions procedures and have time to visit schools
they have skills to research into the options available
semi-skilled choosers
parents who are mainly wc and ambitious for their children
however lack cultural capital and find it difficult to make sense of the education market often relying on other opinions
may feel frustration at not being able to access the school system or understand the procedures
disconnected local choosers
wc parents whose choices were restricted by there lack of economic and cultural capital
they find it difficult to understand school admissions procedures and are less confident when dealing with schools
distance and travel costs also play a restriction on their choice of school
conservative policy changes 2010
free schools/ academies
pupil premium
increase in university fees
ebacc
increase in university fees
increase from £3000 to £9000 a year
aiming to promote marketisation through increased profit making
impacts wc students who might be put off higher education
rather than fatalistic attitudes pitting them off its the fear of debt
ebacc
performance measure not compulsory
involves students selecting core subjects along with a humanity and language for their GCSEs
aims to promote a more ‘academic’ stream of education
pupil premium
certain amount of money that schools receive for each pupil from a disadvantaged background
aims to close the gap between them and their peers
schools also receive money for each adopted pupil this money is meant to be used to bridge the gap
but the policy has been questioned as theres no clarity as to where this move is acc spent
free schools/ academies 2010
moved funding from local authorities to central government
giving more control over admissions
sometimes run by a private business (privatisation)
academies help promote marketisation gives schools more freedom
removes ‘one size fits all’ approach
don’t have to follow national curriculum
AO3 academies 2010
feeds into cream skimming and silt shifting as they have more control over admissions trying to boost the ideal pupil in schools
disadvantages wc and ethnic minority students
EMA (educational maintenance allowance) 1990s
payments tot students from low income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on in education after the age of 16
aimed to promote the wc staying on in education to promote more equality
AO3 of the EMA 1990s
marxists would criticise this as small payments do not change the social position of the wc and does little t tackle the root issues
sure start 1990s
these centres provided education, training and parental access to resources
established in more deprived areas
aimed to give children the best possible start in life through improvement of childcare, early education, health and family support
emphasis on outreach and community development
National Literacy Strategy 1990s
increased literacy and numeracy hours within schools and more training on delivering literacy within schools
AS/A2 1990s
splitting the AS and A2 exams meant that students would complete an exam at the end of each year to split up there learning
Education Action Zones 1990s
introduced by Blairs labour government
aimed to bring groups of schools, parents, community groups and businesses together and to attract sponsorship and investment from the private sector
AO3 of Education Action Zones 1990s
due to profit making they formed part of the marketisation agenda of the 1980s
however the action was targeted at areas with high levels of deprivation thus seeking to promote equality for disadvantaged groups
Academies 1990s
status given to most underachieving schools
aimed to revamp schools image to give them a fresh start
they were taken away from local authority control and often funded by private companies
Thatchers conservative governments 1988 Education Reform Act
national curriculum
league tables
formula funding
national curriculum
everyone learns the same content
all students must take maths english and science for GCSEs
britishness and shared identity promoted in history and citizenship
ethnic minority groups not engage in lessons due to ethnocentric curriculum
promotes gender equality - no gendered subject choices
