policy

Question 1

1870 Education Act

Answer 1

before 1833 the state spent no public money on education
the poor were educated by the church
state schooling became compulsory for children aged 13

Question 2

1944 Education Act/ Butler Act

Answer 2

free state education for all from 5-15 in the format of the tripardtite system
11+ exam to compete for places in grammer schools
those who failed (generally wc) went to secondary modern
legitimising and reproducing class inequality

Question 3

comprehensive system

Answer 3

introduced to remove class inequality and introduce the idea of a meritocracy

Question 4

AO3 comprehensive system

Answer 4

doesn’t promote equality because wc kid s will go to wc schools that underachieve

Question 5

Gerwitz

Answer 5

argues only some parents benefit from the policies of marketisation

Question 6

privileged skilled choosers

the myth of parentocracy

Answer 6

professional mc parents who use their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital for their children
these parents understand the admissions procedures and have time to visit schools
they have skills to research into the options available

Question 7

semi-skilled choosers

Answer 7

parents who are mainly wc and ambitious for their children
however lack cultural capital and find it difficult to make sense of the education market often relying on other opinions
may feel frustration at not being able to access the school system or understand the procedures

Question 8

disconnected local choosers

Answer 8

wc parents whose choices were restricted by there lack of economic and cultural capital
they find it difficult to understand school admissions procedures and are less confident when dealing with schools
distance and travel costs also play a restriction on their choice of school

Question 9

conservative policy changes 2010

Answer 9

free schools/ academies
pupil premium
increase in university fees
ebacc

Question 10

increase in university fees

Answer 10

increase from £3000 to £9000 a year
aiming to promote marketisation through increased profit making
impacts wc students who might be put off higher education
rather than fatalistic attitudes pitting them off its the fear of debt

Question 11

ebacc

Answer 11

performance measure not compulsory
involves students selecting core subjects along with a humanity and language for their GCSEs
aims to promote a more ‘academic’ stream of education

Question 12

pupil premium

Answer 12

certain amount of money that schools receive for each pupil from a disadvantaged background
aims to close the gap between them and their peers
schools also receive money for each adopted pupil this money is meant to be used to bridge the gap
but the policy has been questioned as theres no clarity as to where this move is acc spent

Question 13

free schools/ academies 2010

Answer 13

moved funding from local authorities to central government
giving more control over admissions
sometimes run by a private business (privatisation)
academies help promote marketisation gives schools more freedom
removes ‘one size fits all’ approach
don’t have to follow national curriculum

Question 14

AO3 academies 2010

Answer 14

feeds into cream skimming and silt shifting as they have more control over admissions trying to boost the ideal pupil in schools
disadvantages wc and ethnic minority students

Question 15

EMA (educational maintenance allowance) 1990s

Answer 15

payments tot students from low income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on in education after the age of 16
aimed to promote the wc staying on in education to promote more equality

Question 16

AO3 of the EMA 1990s

Answer 16

marxists would criticise this as small payments do not change the social position of the wc and does little t tackle the root issues

Question 17

sure start 1990s

Answer 17

these centres provided education, training and parental access to resources
established in more deprived areas
aimed to give children the best possible start in life through improvement of childcare, early education, health and family support
emphasis on outreach and community development

Question 18

National Literacy Strategy 1990s

Answer 18

increased literacy and numeracy hours within schools and more training on delivering literacy within schools

Question 19

AS/A2 1990s

Answer 19

splitting the AS and A2 exams meant that students would complete an exam at the end of each year to split up there learning

Question 20

Education Action Zones 1990s

Answer 20

introduced by Blairs labour government
aimed to bring groups of schools, parents, community groups and businesses together and to attract sponsorship and investment from the private sector

Question 21

AO3 of Education Action Zones 1990s

Answer 21

due to profit making they formed part of the marketisation agenda of the 1980s
however the action was targeted at areas with high levels of deprivation thus seeking to promote equality for disadvantaged groups

Question 22

Academies 1990s

Answer 22

status given to most underachieving schools
aimed to revamp schools image to give them a fresh start
they were taken away from local authority control and often funded by private companies

Question 23

Thatchers conservative governments 1988 Education Reform Act

Answer 23

national curriculum
league tables
formula funding

Question 24

national curriculum

Answer 24

everyone learns the same content
all students must take maths english and science for GCSEs
britishness and shared identity promoted in history and citizenship
ethnic minority groups not engage in lessons due to ethnocentric curriculum
promotes gender equality - no gendered subject choices

Question 25

league tables

Answer 25

marketing tool to show position of school based on student results
educational triage - teachers focus on students ore likely to pass and give up on ‘hopeless cases’

Question 26

formula funding

Answer 26

a certain amount of money a school gets for every student

underfunded schools more likely to underachieve

Question 27

Pollack (2004)

Answer 27

notes this flow of personnel allows companies to buy ‘insider knowledge’ to help with contracts aswell as side-stepping local authority democracy
puts focus on generating money rather than on the educational of the pupils

Question 28

privatisation

Answer 28

the transfer of public assets e.g schools to private companies
private companies are involved in building schools, providing supply teachers, work-based learning, careers advice and off stead inspection services and even run-in entire local education authorities

Question 29

Pearson

Answer 29

company that sells revision materials etc also involved in the government pushing educational policies
these policies will benefit them not schools and make schools spend more money with them
e.g changing the exam spec, schools need past papers and regions guides that they will provide

Question 30

David

Answer 30

marketisation led to parentocracy

gave power to parents and encouraged diversity and choice

Question 31

1988 Education Reform Act

Answer 31

Thatcher (conservative) introduced marketisation

policies like league tables, OFSTED, formula funding)