class internal

Question 1

components of a ideal pupil

Answer 1

smart (clothing)
positive
friendly
quiet - not disruptive
committed 
organised
polite

Question 2

Jorgensen

Answer 2

tells us teachers label the students on behaviour and not ability - the obedient are the most favoured

Question 3

Dunne and Gazely

Answer 3

suggest that teachers felt unconcerned and did little about WC underachievement as they believed parents didn’t care, whereas teachers supported underachieving middle class kids as they believed their parents would support the student

Question 4

Rist case study

Answer 4

teachers in a school seated children based on their knowledge of their home backgrounds and appearance.

the groups were labelled as tigers, cardinals and clowns

the middle class she sat at the front and supported while the others were more likely WC and she gave lower level tasks to them and gave them less chance to prove themselves

Question 5

self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 5

A label is attached - WC unintelligent?

Teacher treats pupil accordingly - intelligent more support given and their pushed and given extra work low ability are helped left to underachieve

pupil internalises the teachers expectations

Question 6

Rosenthal + Jacobson

Answer 6

study called “Pygmalion in the classroom”
used a field experiment to test the teachers hypothesis
gave all students a ‘special test’ to identify the ones who will achieve
the test was actually a normal IQ test
the randomly picked 20% of the students and identified them as ‘spurters’
a year later they returned and you could see the ‘spurters’ had achieved a lot more than the rest of the class
they assumed they had been given extra work and resources

Question 7

what Rosenthal and Jacobsons case study showed is

Answer 7

teacher labelling impacts the students achievement
if a teacher supports you and believes you can achieve you try harder and believe you can
the self fulfilling prophecy

they should repeat these experiments on more schools
it quite unethical the schools are lied to and it causes harm by leading to 80% of students underachievement

its deterministic - ignores free will and assumes an outcome

Question 8

Gillborn and Youdell (2001)

Answer 8

found that often schools link streaming to the policy of publishing league exam tables

Question 9

pupils triage

Answer 9

those who will pass anyway - highbrow knowledge (e.g. elaborated code) pupils typically middle class

borderline C-D students targeted for extra help

hopeless cases - low brow knowledge (e.g. restricted code) typically WC and black

Question 10

link between league tables and streaming

Answer 10

school league tables are where the schools publish their exam results
schools need a good league table results to encourage parents to send their children there getting the school more funding
streaming generates a good A-C economy for the league tables
teachers then focus on the borderline C-D grade students giving the extra help to get them a solid C grade to make the school look good.

Question 11

pro school subcultures

Answer 11

ingratiation: pro-school conformity as in the pro-school subculture, with eagerness to please teachers and win favour with them

Compliance: conformity, but basically for what they can get out of schooling, like exam success, not because they necessarily like or enjoy school

Question 12

anti - school subcultures

Answer 12

intransigence: troublemakers who are indifferent to school, and who aren’t that bothered about the consequences of non-conformity
rebellion: outright rejection of schooling and its values, and involvement in anti-school activity, as in the anti-school subculture

Question 13

process of joining a subculture

Answer 13

student trued to gain status in school through legitimate means (educational success)

however, despite their attempts, WC students are labelled negatively by teaches and are treated accordingly

WC students ten give up trying to succeed through legitimate means. instead, they seek out other students just like them

students find similar minded people who underachieve

once students have affiliated with their new group they try to gain status in new ways by inverting the norms and values of education

as a result WC studies find new deviant means of gaining status , an a ti school subculture is formed

now part of the anti school group they are further labelled as negative confirming the teachers original view of them pushing the student further into their subculture

Question 14

Colin Lacey (1970)

Answer 14

yes concepts of differentiation and procrastination to explain how pupil subcultures emerge

Question 15

differentiation

Answer 15

the process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability and streaming them accordingly

Question 16

polarisation

Answer 16

student responses to differentiation by moving to either end of the opposite ‘poles’ in terms pf behaviour and attitude

Question 17

pro school values

Answer 17

middle class
high stream
committed to norms and values of the school
gains status through academic success

Question 18

anti school values

Answer 18

working class
low stream
low self esteem from school status
leads to the self fulfilling prophecy and working class underachievement
delinquent sub cultures
gains status from alternative means from the subculture

Question 19

Furlong (1984)

Answer 19

pupil are not committed to any one response but may move between different types of responses acting differently in lessons with different teachers

Question 20

class identity and self exclusion

Answer 20

despite the class inequalities in education, many more WC young people now go onto university. But he clash between WC identity and the habitus of higher education is a barrier to success
 this habitus is partly due to a process of self exclusion

Question 21

Sarah Evans (2009)

Answer 21

studied a group of 21 WC girls from South London Comprehensive studying for their a-levels
Evans found they were reluctant to apply to elite universities and the few who did felt a sense of hidden barriers and not fitting in

Evans also found that the girls had a strong attachment to their locality for example only 4 out of 21 intended to move away from home to study

Question 22

Bourdieu (1984)

Answer 22

many WC people think of places like oxbridge as being ‘not for the likes of us’ this feeling comes from their habitus

the school has a middle class habitus, giving the middle class students an advantage, while WC culture is regarded as inferior

Question 23

As Real et al. (2005)

Answer 23

point out self exclusion from elite or distant universities narrows the options of many WC pupils and limits their success

Question 24

habitus

Answer 24

refers to the ‘dispositions’ or learned, taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting that are shown by a particular social class

a group habitus is formed as a response to its position in the class structure

the middle class can define its habitus as superior and to impose it on the the education system

Question 25

symbolic capital

Answer 25

pupils who have bee socialised at home into middle class tastes and preferences gain ‘symbolic capital’/ status and recognition from the school

deemed to have worth/value

Question 26

symbolic violence

Answer 26

schools devalue the WC habitus so that WC pupils tastes are deemed tasteless and worthless
Bourdieu calls this the withholding of symbolic capital which is capital violence

by defining the WC and there tastes as inferior, symbolic violence reproduces the class structure and keeps lower classes ‘in their place’

Question 27

‘nike’ identities

Answer 27

pupils conscious that society and school look down upon them. this symbolic violence led them to seek alternative ways of creating self worth, status and value 
constructed meaningful class identities by investing heavily in 'styles' esp by consuming brands like nike

the right appearance earned symbolic capital and approval from peer groups and brought safety from bullying

but led to conflict with the schools dress code - pupils who adapted ‘street styles’ risked being labeled a rebel

Question 28

unrealistic

Answer 28

not for people ‘like us’, but for richer, posher, cleverer people and they wouldn’t fit in
unaffordable and risky investment

Question 29

undesirable

Answer 29

not suit this preferred lifestyle/ habitus

Question 30

WC identity and educational success 
Nicola Ingram (2009)

Answer 30

did a study of 2 groups f WC catholic boys from the same highly deprived area in Belfast
one group had passed their 11 plus exam and gone to grammar school while the other group had failed and gone to a local secondary school
this grammar school had a strongly MC habitus of high expectation and high academic achievement while the secondary school had low expectations of their underachieving pupils

Ingram found that having a WC identity was inseparable from belonging to a WC locality