Policy

Question 1

What is the SLA of 1953?

Answer 1

Submerged Lands Act. US law that gives states the right to submerged navigable lands in their territory.

Question 2

What is the NEPA of 1970?

Answer 2

National Environmental Policy Act. US federal law that requires federal executive agencies to prepare environmental assessments (EAs) and environmental impact statements (EISs). created the CEQ (The President’s Council on Environmental Quality).

Question 3

What is an EIS?

Answer 3

Environmental Impact Statement

Question 4

What does the Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972 do?

Answer 4

Preserve, protect, enhance, and restore coastal zones. Established CZMPs, and the National Estuarine Research Reserve System.

Question 5

What is a CZMP?

Answer 5

Coastal Zone Management Plan

Question 6

What is the CBRA of 1982?

Answer 6

Coastal Barrier Resources Act. Protected fragile coastal barriers from development.

Question 7

What is the MMPA and when was it passed?

Answer 7

Marine Mammal Protection Act; 1972.

Question 8

What is the ESA of 1973?

Answer 8

Endangered Species Act. Protects species that have dwindling populations and habitats that are threatened. Currently protects a total of 2245 species, with 139 considered endangered.

Question 9

What are Individual Fishing Quotas (IFQ)?

Answer 9

A Type of Catch Share

Question 10

What is a Catch Share?

Answer 10

Allocates privilege to harvest a specific area or percentage of total fishery catch to individuals, communities, or associations.

Question 11

What are internal waters?

Answer 11

All waters interior of the baseline of a nation’s territory. Established by UNCLOS.

Question 12

What is the UNCLOS?

Answer 12

United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea from the UNCLOS III conference taking place from 1973 to 1982.

Question 13

What is the straight baseline?

Answer 13

Dividing line between internal waters and territorial waters. As opposed to the normal baseline, which is the mean low water mark. Established by UNCLOS.

Question 14

What are territorial waters?

Answer 14

All waters 12 nautical miles exterior to a nation’s straight baseline. Established by UNCLOS.

Question 15

What are contigous waters?

Answer 15

All waters 12-24 nautical miles exterior to a nation’s straight baseline. Established by UNCLOS.

Question 16

What is the EEZ and how long does it extend to?

Answer 16

Exclusive Economic Zone, a sea zone established by UNCLOS; Extends 200 nautical miles of a nation’s coast.

Question 17

What is UNCED (1992)? (AKA The Earth Summit/Rio Summit/Rio De Janeiro Summit)

Answer 17

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Established in response to development issues after the Cold War.

Question 18

What is Mare liberium?

Answer 18

Freedom of the seas.

Question 19

What is MARPOL (1973, updated 1978)?

Answer 19

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships.

Question 20

What did MARPOL do?

Answer 20

Comprehensive global convention limiting the pollution of ships, including oil, garbage, liquids, sewage, and plastics

Question 21

What is the International Maritime Organization (IMO)?

Answer 21

UN agency focused on regulating shipping.

Question 22

What is the International Whaling Convention?

Answer 22

Established by the ICRW to “provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry.”

Question 23

What is the ICRW?

Answer 23

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, signed in DC in 1946.

Question 24

What is the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change?

Answer 24

Established under the UN in 1988 to provide recommendations based off of scientific research. Consists of non-independent scientists who are representatives of their countries.

Question 25

Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring helped to pass what Acts?

Answer 25

Wilderness (1964), Clean Air (1963), Clean Water (Amended 1972).

Question 26

What is the Wilderness Act?

Answer 26

Est 1964. Defined Wilderness in the US and protected 9.1 million acres of it.

Question 27

What is the Clean Air Act?

Answer 27

Est 1963. Aims to limit US air pollution on a national scale.

Question 28

What is the Clean Water Act?

Answer 28

Amended 1972. Established the basic structure for regulating pollutant discharges into the waters of the United States. Gave EPA the authority to implement pollution control programs such as setting wastewater standards for industry.

Question 29

What was the purpose of The Oceans Act of 2000?

Answer 29

Established a commission to recommend ocean policy decisions.

Question 30

What is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920?

Answer 30

United States federal statute that provides for the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine. Contains the Jones Act

Question 31

What is the Jones Act?

Answer 31

Section 27 of the Merchant Marine Act, deals with cabotage (coastwise trade) and requires that all goods transported by water between U.S. ports be carried on U.S.-flag ships, constructed in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents.

Question 32

Death on the High Seas Act is a United States marine policy act passed in 1920. What does DOHSA do?

Answer 32

Allowed relatives of person killed in international waters to sue in wrongful death cases for “negligence or unseaworthiness.”
Also applies to airline disasters on international waters.

Question 33

What is the definition of a merchant marine?

Answer 33

It’s a registered fleet of ships that carries both domestic and foreign commerce, and in times of war can act as an auxiliary to the navy (that supplies naval ships with goods.

Question 34

What is the Merchant Marine Act of 1936? (Different from one in 1920 with the Jones Act).

Answer 34

Required the formation of the United States Maritime Commission and aimed to strengthen the Merchant Marine