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sociology education > Policy > Flashcards

Policy Flashcards

1
Q

What is an educational policy

A

Gov strategies introduced through legal changes
Until 19th century education only provided by church and privately
Industrialisation created need education workforce, led development compulsory state education

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2
Q

2 stages of the development of state education

A

Tripartite System - 1944

Comprehensive System - 1965

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3
Q

What year was the Tripartite System introduced

A

1944

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4
Q

What year was the Comprehensive System introduced

A

1965

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5
Q

What is the Tripartite System

A 
2 main types secondary school
Grammar schools: selection 11+ passed m.c. Had academic curriculum 
Secondary Modern Schools: practical skills curriculum, all same legitimated test resultant class inequality
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6
Q

What is the Comprehensive System

A

Abolished 11+
All pupils attended same local comprehensive schools, however still 164 grammar schools in England, conservatives have plans to bring them back

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7
Q

What do functionalists say about the comprehensive system

A

Meritocratic, gives pupils longer to develop as not selecting at 11
Promotes integration bringing all social classes together

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8
Q

Evaluation point of functionalist view of comprehensive system

A

Evidence of little mixing between social classes in comprehensive schools

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9
Q

What do Marxists say about the Comprehensive System

A

Reproduces inequality through streaming and labelling

Legitimates inequality through myth of meritocracy, making it look like everyone has an equal opportunity

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10
Q

What are marketisation policies

A

Introducing market forces of consumer choice and competition into areas run by state, creating education market
Since 1988 Education Reform Act

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11
Q

Examples of marketisation policies

A

League tables, open enrolment, formula funding, opting out the LEA contract, free schools, academies, business sponsorship
Parentocracy

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12
Q

What policies reproduce inequality

A

League tables
Funding formula
Parental choice

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13
Q

How do league tables reproduce inequality

A

Schools with good results can ‘cream skim’ best mainly m.c pupils
Less successful schools end up with less able pupils ‘silt shifting’

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14
Q

How does Formula Funding reproduce inequality

A

Schools funded on how many pupils they recruit, good schools get more money, can improve staffing/facilities and attract more pupils

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15
Q

How does Parental Choice reproduce inequality

A

Gewirtz
M.c privileged skilled chooser with economic and cultural capital to take advantage of system
W.c disconnected local choosers who lack capital and have to settle for nearest school
Ambitious w.c semi-skilled choosers frustrated by inability get school they wanted

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16
Q

What policy legitimises inequality

A

Myth of parentocracy

17
Q

How does myth of parentocracy legitimate inequality

A

Makes it look like parents are equally free to choose a good school

18
Q

When were New Labour policies introduced

A

1997-2010

19
Q

What was the aim of New Labour Policies 1997-2010

A

Maintained marketisation policies to reduce inequality

20
Q

Examples of New Labour policies

A 
City academies 
Education Action Zones
Aim Higher Programmes 
Education Maintenance Allowance for poorer 16-18 year olds
Increased spending on state education
21
Q

Evaluation of new labour

A

How can competition work without producing inequality - all markets produce winners and losers
Policies contradictory EMA helps individuals stay on in education but now have to pay uni fees
Left private education untouched
Choice and diversity are nice ways of saying inequality - education market ensures w.c. remain disadvantaged
More spending and focus on ‘learning environment’ there have been genuine improvements - evidence academies have raised standards is mixed

22
Q

When were Conservative policies introduced

A

2010+

23
Q

What was the purpose of Conservative Policies 2010+

A

Accelerated move away from comprehensive system run by local authorities
Strongly influenced by neoliberal ideas
Reducing role of state through marketisation/privatisation

24
Q

Outline Neoliberalism/Conservatism and Privatisation

A

Opposite to internal market in 1988 Act

State ceases be provider education, instead commissions private companies provide services

25
Q

In what ways do Conservatives/Neoliberalists reduce role of the state

A

Academies
Free schools
Fragmented Centralisation
Spending Cuts

26
Q

How does Conservatives/Neoliberalists introducing Academies reduce states role

A

All schools encouraged to be academies, funded by central gov
Some part privately owned chains
Removing from local authority means loss of democratic accountability

27
Q

How does Conservatives/Neoliberalists introducing Free Schools reduce states role

A

State funded but set up and run by teachers, parents, religious groups or businesses

28
Q

How does Conservatives/Neoliberalists introducing Fragmented Centralisation reduce states role

A

Ball - now have fragmented patchwork instead of comprehensive system, leading greater inequality
Education more centralised - gov can require schools to become academies and allow free schools to be set up

29
Q

How does Conservatives/Neoliberalists introducing Spending cuts reduce states role

A

E.g. On Sure Start, school building, EMA, increases university fees. Some cases cuts have been cancelled out Premium schools receive for disadvantaged pupils

30
Q

What are the ways conservatives/neoliberalists have privatised education

A

Privatised commodity
Blurring public/private boundary
Globalisation of policy
Cola-isation of schools

31
Q

How has conservative/neoliberal policies created privatised commodity of education

A

Ball - ceases to be a public good. Turned into commodity owned private companies, bought and sold in education market. Source profit for capitalists including school building, Ofsted, supply teachers, running entire local education authorities
Hall ‘long march of the neoliberal revolution’

32
Q

How has conservative/neoliberal policies created blurring of the private/public boundary of education

A

Many senior sector employees, such as senior civil servants and headteachers move into private sector education business, brining ‘insider knowledge’ to help win contracts

33
Q

How has conservative/neoliberal policies created globalisation of education

A

Many education companies foreign owned
Some UK education businesses work overseas, privatising and exporting UK education policy for sale abroad. Nation states becoming less important in policy-making, which is becoming globalised

34
Q

How has conservative/neoliberal policies created cola-isation of schools of education

A

Private sector sells to pupils through vending machines in schools, develops brand loyalty through logos, sponsorships and voucher schemes. However, benefits to schools often limited

35
Q

What are the 3 stages ethnicity and policy

A

1960s-70s
1980s-90s
Most recently 00s

36
Q

What was the 1960-70 ethnicity and policy aim

A

Aim encourage assimilation e.g. Through English as a second language programmes

37
Q

What was the 1980s-90s ethnicity and policy aim

A

Aim valuing all cultures through multi-cultural education policies e.g. Black studies in mainstream curriculum

38
Q

What was the most recent ethnicity and policy aim

A

Social inclusion
E.g. Legal duty on schools promote racial inequality
EV: mirza criticises more recent policies, for being too limited in scope

sociology education (6 decks)

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