Ethnicity Flashcards
What is an ethnic group
Shared culture, identity, history, distinct group,
Deciding whos in which ethnic group is an issue - variations
Overall ethnic patterns educational achievement
Black and Pakistani do worst
Chinese and Indians best
White = average as make up majority population
2 divisions explaining differences
Internal factors
External factors
What are the main external factors
Cultural deprivation
Material deprivation and class
Racism
What is cultural deprivation split in to
Intellectual and language skills
Attitudes, values and family structure
Outline intellectual and language skills
Low income black families lack intellectual stimulation fail develop reasoning and solving skills
Who researches and supports intellectual and language skills
Bereiter and Engelmann
How do Bereiter and Engelmann support cultural deprivation intellectual and language skills
Language poorer black American families is ungrammatical and disjointed
Unable express abstract ideas - barrier
Do not speak english at home may be held back
Evaluation of intellectual and language skills
Swann Report
Language not a major factor, any effect temporary, Indian pupils do well in school despite often not speaking english at home
What are attitudes, values and family structure split in to
Fatalism and immediate gratification Lack male role model Culture of poverty Impact slavery Asian families
How is fatalism part of attitudes values and family structure affecting educational achievement
Most socialised mainstream = instils competitiveness and desire achieve
subculture some black children fatalistic, focused immediate gratification, resulting lack motivation
Evaluation of Fatalism and Immediate Gratification
Connor
EM parents often place higher value on education than white parents
How is lack male role model part of attitudes values and family structure affecting educational achievement
Encourage Afro-Caribbean boys to anti-educational macho ‘gang culture’
How do the New Rights support lack male role model
Murray - high rate SPF and lack positive male role model = underachievement
Evaluation of lack of male role model
Sewell - only minority African-Caribbean boys were anti-school
How is culture of poverty part of attitudes values and family structure affecting educational achievement
Moynihan: absence male role model achievement in black matrifocal LPF produce inadequately socialised children who fail at school, become inadequate parents themselves, and perpetuate culture of poverty
How is slavery part of attitudes values and family structure affecting educational achievement
Pryce
Black Caribbean culture less resistant to racism because of experience of slavery many have low self esteem and underachieve
How are Asian families part of attitudes values and family structure affecting educational achievement
Sewell
Chinese and Indian pupils benefit from supportive family networks ‘Asian work ethic’ contrasts with black LPF - lack fatherly nurturing, street gangs offer alternative perverse loyalty. Felt greatest barrier to success was peer pressure, speaking standard English and doing well was selling out
Evaluation of how Asian Families impact ethnic differences
Asians have more positive attitudes towards education as their adult authority is similar to that in schools
Asians more likely than whites support school policies
Why do white working class pupils underachieve
Lower aspirations
Result white working class culture
Lacking parental support
Who researched in to white working class pupils underachieving
Lupton
Evans
What did Lupton find in to white working class pupils underachieving
Studied 4 mainly w.c schools different ethnic compositions
Teachers reported poorer levels behaviour and discipline white pupils
Lower support and negative attitudes from parents
What did Evans find in to white working class pupils underachieving
Street culture w.c. areas can be brutal and brought into school
Result = strong pressure reject education
How does compensatory education policies support cultural deprivation explanation
Aims counter effects cultural deprivation
Assumes underachievement caused by cultural deprivation
Operation Head Start
Sure Start
Outline Operation Head Start
USA, established compensate cultural deficit they are said to suffer due to deprived background
Outline Sure Start
UK aims support development pre-school children deprived areas
Evaluation of cultural deprivation
Victim blaming - EM culturally different and education ethnocentric
Cultural exclusion - EM less aware how to negotiate British education system
Cultural Domination - impose dominant white m.c culture
How does material deprivation and class cause ethnic differences
Lack physical/economic resources
Substandard housing and low income
1/2 EM children likely from low income house
2X more likely to be unemployed
Discrimination in housing and labour markets
Evaluation of material deprivation and class
Whilst class plays a part doesnt override M.C black pupils do less well at GCSE than white or asian m.c
Outline racism in wider society causing ethnic differences
Face direct and indirect discrimination work and housing market
Social exclusion
Unemployment, low pay, inadequate housing
Affects childs education
Outline 3 internal factors affecting ethnic differences
Labelling
Pupil subcultures
Ethnocentricity and institutional racism
How does labelling lead to ethnic differences
Interactionist
Interested impact label e.g black pupils = disruptive, Asians = passive
Negative racist labels = treat pupils differently = disadvantaging = SFP
leads underachievement both Black and Asian pupils
Who researched in to labelling in black pupils
Gillborn and Mizra
Gillborn and Youdell
Outline Gillborn and Mizras research in to black pupils being labelled
1 area black children highest achievers entering primary school, by GCSE’s over 20 points below average = suggests schooling to blame
Outline Gillborn and Youdell’s research in to black pupils being labelled
Teachers ‘racialised expectations’
Expecting discipline problems and behaviour seen as threatening
Black pupils more likely punished same behaviour, ability underestimated, picked on
Leads higher levels exclusion and placed lower streams
Evaluate Gillborn and Youdell
How are they certain behaviour only interpreted problematic and wasnt in fact misbehaviour
Who researched in to Asian pupils and labelling
Wright
Connolly
What does Wright say about Asian pupils and labelling
Stereotyped, treated differently
Assumed have poor english skills, used simplistic language to them
Mispronounced names
Saw them as children you could ignore
Result: esp girls marginalised, prevented participating, affecting self esteem
What does Connolly say about Asian pupils and labelling
Asians viewed as passive and conformist
Boys more feminine and vulnerable
Outline pupil subcultures
Reaction racist labelling Sewell Conformist Innovator Retreatist Rebel Only minority 'black macho lad' but teachers see them all this way results underachievement = discrimination
Outline Sewells conformist subculture
Keep succeed, accepted schools goals and have friends of different ethnicities
Outline Sewells innovator subculture
Pro education
Anti schooling
Value success but not teachers approval
Outline Sewells retreatist subculture
Disconnected from both school and black subcultures outside it
Outline Sewells rebel subculture
Rejected schools goals and rules, turning to ‘black macho lad’ stereotype
Aim achieve status of ‘street hood’
Evaluation of Sewells subculture theory
Sewell: recognises external factors more important
Tells us range of characteristics, but not why they choose different responses
Who researches in to reacting to a negative label
Fuller
Mac and Ghaill
Some remain committed despite racist labelling
Criticises view labelling deterministic
Outline Fullers research into rejecting negative label
High achieving black girls yr11 London comprehensive, maintained positive image rejecting stereotypes. Conformed and worked hard, didnt seek teachers approval maintained friendships with lower streams
Outline Mac and Ghaills research into rejecting negative label
Black and Asian A level students did not necessarily accept teachers negative label
E.G. Some girls all-girls school previously attended gave them greater academic commitment
Evaluation of Fuller and Mac and Ghaill
Mirza
Black girls strategies of dealing with racism e.g. Not asking for help restricts opportunities
Outline institutional racism
Discrimination built into way institutions operate at an unconscious level
What is the critical race theory relation to institutional racism
Institutional racism deep rooted ‘locked in’ feature of education system.
List ways institutions racist
Ethnocentric curriculum Selection and segregation Assessment Access to opportunities New IQism
How is the curriculum ethnocentric
Troyna and Williams: priority white culture
David: national curriculum ‘specifically british’
Ball: history looking at past glories whilst ignoring Black and Asian histories
Result: low self esteem, culture and identity no value
Evaluation of the ethnocentric curriculum
Not clear what the impact is
Asian, Indian, Chinese cultures still achieve above average
How are institutions racist through selection and segregation
Gillborn: marketisation gives schools ability to select pupils, negative stereotypes influence decisions
Moore and Davenport: American research selection procedure lead ethnic segregation
How are institutions racist through assessment
Gillborn: rigged validate white dominant cultures superiority
Example of how are institutions racist through assessment
E.G. 2003 assessment showed black pupils ahead of white, replaced foundation stage profile black pupils appearing worst
How are institutions racist through access to opportunities
White pupils 2X more likely be identified G&T then black pupils
Tikly and Strand: black pupils more likely entered lower tier exams - placed lower sets due teachers expectations, leading SFP
How are institutions racist through new IQism
Secondary schools using old school intelligence IQ tests allocate pupils to streams. False assumption that pupils potential is fixed quality that can be measured.
Black pupils more likely placed lower streams
