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Yr13 Sign In Students > Policies (Education) > Flashcards

Policies (Education) Flashcards

1
Q

What policies did the Tripartite System 1944 introduce?

A

Free education for all students up to the age of 15
Created 3 different kinds of schools

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2
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would like the Tripartite System 1944?

A

Functionalists - encourages sifting and sorting, and allows people to learn skills for the particular kinds of career they would be going into

Postmodernists - avoids a ‘one size fits all’ education

New Right - all of the above

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3
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would not like the Tripartite System 1944?

A

Marxists - allows the middle class to get the top education, but restricts most of the working class from having access to it

Feminists - grammar schools required girls to get a higher score in the 11+ than boys in order to get in

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4
Q

What are the 3 kinds of schools the Tripartite System 1944 introduced?

A

Grammar schools - Students had to pass the 11+ to get in. Offered an academic curriculum which gave access to higher education (university). Approx. 20% of students attended these schools

Secondary modern schools - Offered a more practical curriculum which gave access to more manual work for those who failed the 11+. Approx. 75% of students attended these schools

Technical schools - Provided vocational education for those who had a specific talent/skill. Approx. 5% of students attended these schools

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5
Q

What are some evaluation points for the Tripartite System 1944?

A

Positive:
- The system provided almost guaranteed social mobility for working class students who made it into grammar schools by giving them a stronger education

Negative:
- The system reproduced class inequality, giving middle class students a better chance of getting into grammar schools because of their cultural capital
- Discriminated against girls, who needed a higher score on the 11+ than boys to get into grammar schools

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6
Q

What policies did the Comprehensive System 1965 introduce?

A

Removed secondary modern and grammar schools, replacing them with comprehensives

Expanded the curriculum, sports, and recreational activities in schools

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7
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would like the Comprehensive System 1965?

A

Marxists - Offers a better standard of education to the working class than the previous (Tripartite) system

Feminists - Offers a more equal standard of education than the previous (Tripartite) system

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8
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would not like the Comprehensive System 1965?

A

Postmodernists - They disagree with a ‘one size fits all’ education

New Right - Same as above

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9
Q

What is a comprehensive school?

A

All children attend the same kinds of school, giving them equal opportunities to the working class. It offers new subjects and new sports/recreation activities

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10
Q

What policies did the Education Reform Act 1988 introduce?

A

Marketisation policies:
Ofsted, league tables, open enrolment, formula funding/voucher system

National curriculum
SATs tests

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11
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would like the ERA 1988?

A

New Right - it was their policy, and it made the schools system more competitive in the same way that the business world is

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12
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would not like the ERA 1988?

A

Marxists - marketisation benefits the middle class more than the working class

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13
Q

What is Ofsted?

A

Ofsted are an inspection service which investigate the teaching and standards of schools. They check each one every 2-8(ish) years

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14
Q

What are league tables?

A

League tables are where schools publish their qualification results each year so that parents can compare schools when deciding where to send their kids

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15
Q

What is open enrolment?

A

Open enrolment allows any student to apply to any school in the country, rather than being restricted to applying to local schools

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16
Q

What is formula funding/the voucher system?

A

A method of providing funding for schools. Schools receive a certain amount of money from the government for each student that attends

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17
Q

What is marketisation?

A

The process of making schools compete in the same way that businesses do

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18
Q

What is the aim of marketisation?

A

If schools have to compete with others to get students then they will all have to improve their standards, meaning all students get a better standard of education

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19
Q

What are some evaluation points for league tables?

A

Gillborn & Youdell (2000):
A-C economy - schools are more interested in middle class students as they are seen as better students, meaning they get chosen by better schools over working class students
Educational triage - top students receive a little bit of help, middling students receive the most help to make sure they get at least a C, and the lowest performing students get no help and are seen as ‘hopeless cases’. Middle class students tend to be seen as the top performers, and working class students as the lowest performers

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20
Q

What evaluation points are there for Ofsted?

A

Positive:
- It creates a parentocracy
- Encourages all schools to improve their standards

Negative:
- Gerwitz: this benefits middle class privileged-skilled choosers the most, then semi-skilled choosers, then working class disconnected-local choosers

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21
Q

What is a parentocracy?

A

A combination of the words ‘parents’ and ‘democracy’, giving parents power and choice over which schools they send their children to

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22
Q

What are Gerwitz’s different kinds of choosers?

A

Privileged-skilled choosers:
Middle class parents who have cultural and economic capital to find out which schools are best for their children and help them get in

Semi-skilled choosers:
Working class parents with some cultural capital to help them choose the best schools, and the desire to do so

Disconnected-local choosers:
Working class parents with neither the cultural capital nor desire to find out which schools are best for their children

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23
Q

What are some evaluation points for formula funding/the voucher system?

A

Positive:
- Raises standards in all schools as they have to improve to gain more students

Negative:
- Underperforming schools, who don’t attract more students each year, continue to get worse as they lose out on funding until they may eventually close

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24
Q

What are some evaluation points for open enrolment?

A

Positive:
- Creates a parentocracy
- Raises standards in all schools as they have to improve to gain more students

Negatives:
- Benefits the middle class the most as they have the economic and cultural capital to find out which schools are best, and move nearer to them if needed

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25
Q

What are some evaluation points for the national curriculum?

A

Positive:
- Benefits girls as they can now study all the same subjects that boys can

Negative:
- Can be critisised as a ‘one size fits all’ policy, not accounting for individual students’ needs or strengths
- Testing students at 7 and 11 through SATs can lead to negative labelling from an early age

26
Q

What policies did New Labour introduce?

A

Academies
Specialist schools
Faith schools
Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA)
Aim Higher
Raising of School Leaving Age (ROSLA)

27
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would like New Labour’s changes?

A

Marxists - creates more opportunities for the working class

Postmodernists - allows more variety and choice of subject for students

Functionalists - creates more sifting and sorting

28
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would not like New Labour’s changes?

A

New Right - they believe that having a shared culture to create social solidarity is important. Creating different kinds of schools for different students goes against that

29
Q

What are academies?

A

Failing schools were told to become academies, which meant they joined up in an academy chain with other schools to share their resources and get advice, and could be sponsored by businesses. They would also receive more funding from government, new facilities, and had more choice over how they spent their money and what subjects they offered

30
Q

What are some evaluation points for academies?

A

Positive:
- Benefits the working class as most academies were in deprived areas. Also increased social mobility
- Creates more diversity and choice in education, giving students more options

Negative:
- Businesses sponsoring schools can be see as them becoming privatised, meaning the focus of schools becomes money rather than learning
- Academies could disadvantage other schools as they can pay their teachers more, causing other schools to lose the best staff

31
Q

What are specialist schools?

A

Secondary schools were allowed to market themselves as being experts in a particular subject. By 2007, 85% of secondary schools were specialists

32
Q

What are some evaluation points for specialist schools?

A

Positive:
- Increases choice for parents and raises standards by letting schools build on their strengths

Negative:
- Some specialist schools were allowed to start selection policies, meaning they would choose middle class students over working class ones

33
Q

What are faith schools?

A

Schools that cater specifically to one faith, e.g. Catholic or Islamic schools

34
Q

What are some evaluation points for faith schools?

A

Positive:
- Increases choise for parents
- Increases diversity in the education system as it tailors to more kinds of students

Negative:
- This could be seen as segregating students from different faiths or cultures, which can create social tensions and discrimination

35
Q

What is the EMA?

A

This gave low-income students £30 per week if they attended all their lessons, to encourage working class students to stay in education post-16. Also offered bonuses for students who met their targets

36
Q

What are some evaluation points for the EMA?

A

Positive:
- Helps low-income students buy books, transport, meals, and other things which will benefit their education

Negative:
- Didn’t encourage enough working class students to stay in post-16 education, leading the Conservative Coalition to scrap it
- Benn (2012) argues that even though New Labour introduced the EMA to help poorer students, they also introduced tuition fees for university which disadvantages them

37
Q

What is Aim Higher?

A

A program to encourage social mobility, sending representatives into schools to talk to students about the benefits of university, or taking them on trips to universities

38
Q

What are some evaluation points for Aim Higher?

A

Positive:
- Encourages social mobility

Negative:
- Since it was scrapped by the Conservative coalition in 2010, the number of students from poorer backgrounds going to HE has actually increased, suggesting the scheme was not that helpful

39
Q

What is ROSLA?

A

New Labour raised the school leaving age from 16 to 18

40
Q

What are some evaluation points for ROSLA?

A

Positive:
- Aims to reduce the number of NEETs by giving them more education

Negative:
- Reduces choice for students, meaning they can’t get straight into work
- Prolongs childhood and dependency on parents

41
Q

What policies did the Conservative Coalition introduce?

A

English Baccalaureate
Changes to academies
Increased tuition fees
Free schools
Inequality policies

42
Q

What is the English Baccalaureate?

A

A way of measuring how well schools are doing in the 5 ‘core’ subjects: English literature and language, maths, science, humanities (history or geography), and a language. Schools had to show what percentage of their students achieved an A-C in these subjects

43
Q

What are some evaluation points for the English Baccalaureate?

A

Positive:
- Encourages schools to focus on some important subjects

Negative:
- Head Teachers said this might disinterest less academic students
- Estelle Morris, former Labour education secretary, said they stopped languages being mandatory after 14 because many students would skip those lessons
- Not including RE as a humanity disadvantages faith schools
- The Conservatives believe these are the 5 most important subjects, but that doesn’t mean everyone does

44
Q

What changes did the coalition make to academies?

A

All schools were encouraged to become academies, not just failing ones

Gives more schools freedom from local authority control

45
Q

What are some evaluation points for the changes to academies?

A

Positive:
- Gives schools freedom to act in their own interest

Negative:
- They are only checked by Ofsted every few years, meaning standards could drop without local authority checking on them

46
Q

What increases did the Coalition make to tuition fees?

A

When New Labour introduced tuition fees they were £3,290 per year. The coalition raised these costs to £9,000 per year

47
Q

What are some evaluation points for the changes to tuition fees?

A

Positive:
- Allows the government to reclaim some of the costs involved with education

Negative:
- Discourages more working class students from going to university (connection to DA - fear of debt)

48
Q

What are free schools?

A

Originally created in Sweden, these are schools that any group can set up (e.g. parents, businesses, faith groups) with total freedom over how they run things, and with funding from the government

49
Q

What are some evaluation points for free schools?

A

Positive:
- Improves education standards by taking control away from the state, giving power to parents

Negative:
- Allen (2010) shows that in Sweden, where 20% of schools are free schools, mainly the middle class benefit from this
- In Sweden, their international education ranking has lowered since they were introduced

50
Q

What inequality policies did the coalition introduce?

A

Free Schools Meals - giving cost-free meals to children in reception, year 1, and year 2 from low-income families

Pupil Premium - extra money that schools receive for each pupil from a disadvantaged background (e.g. disability, poverty)

51
Q

What are some evaluation points for these inequality policies?

A

Positive:
- Directly benefits the working class and disadvantaged students

Negative:
- Ofsted (2012) found that many schools were not spending Pupil Premium money on their disadvantaged pupils
- Not all families eligible for Free School Meals took up the offer due to fear of how they would be seen by others

52
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would like the coalition’s policies?

A

New Right - goes against a ‘one size fits all’ education, and the English Baccalaureate teaches students skills they need for the business world

Postmodernism - goes against a ‘one size fits all’ education

53
Q

Which theoretical perspectives would not like the coalition’s policies?

A

Marxists - a lot of these changes disadvantage the working class

54
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The process of the world becoming more interconnected. It is now easier than ever for people, resources, and ideas to move around the world

55
Q

What are some effects of globalisation?

A

Businesses have a wider audience to sell to, as they can access customers anywhere in the world

Economies around the world are heavily interconnected. Something that happens in one country has knock-on effects for other countries

Increases in the tourism industry and heavier migration

56
Q

What are the effects of globalisation on education?

A

Marketisation now occurs on a global scale with schools (and countries’ education systems) competing internationally, not just nationally

PISA has created a global league table comparing how well each country’s education system is doing

Countries can see which policies work and which don’t by seeing how it affects other countries’ position in the league tables

Has created a multi-billion pound industry for companies which provide services to schools

57
Q

What is privatisation?

A

The process of government-owned industries being bought by private companies

58
Q

What is cola-isation?

A

The process of brands getting involved in education, e.g. Starbucks opening up coffee shops on college and university campuses

59
Q

What are some evaluation points for cola-isation?

A

Positive:
- Brands can be made to look more legitimate by supporting education
- Schools can benefit, e.g. save up enough coupons and get a computer

Negative:
- Schools have to buy huge numbers of products to get any equipment, e.g. Ball found that Cadbury’s sports equipment promotion required 5,440 chocolate bars for a pair of volleyball posts
- According to Hall, education is being taken over by capitalists. It allows companies to legitimise/justify their profit-making ideas by saying it is to benefit education

60
Q

What are some examples of globalised/privatised education policies?

A

Ofsted is a UK policy which is reproduced by companies in other countries

Exam boards. Edexcel comes from the US, and Pearson exam scripts are marked in Sydney or Iowa

Yr13 Sign In Students (9 decks)

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