Poisonous Plants/Mushrooms Flashcards
80% of reported plant toxicology cases occur in children of what age?
<= 6 years of age
What database can be used to identify poisonous plant species?
PLANTOX database
___ are nitrogen-containing basic xenobiotics of natural origin
alkaloids
Belladonna alkaloids are ___
a. anticholinergic
b. nicotine-like
c. cholinergic
a. anticholinergic
Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed) xenobiotic type?
belladonna alkaloid
primary toxicity = anticholinergic
100 seeds of Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed) contain up to 6mg of ___ and related alkaloids
atropine
___ may help in pts with seizures and agitated delirium from Datura stramonium (Jimsonweed)
physostigmine
A lethal dose of Nicotiana glauca (Tree Tobacco) is as small as __ mg/kg, but more likely with > __ mg/kg
1, 4
wearing of protective clothing is essential for tobacco farm workers
What is Conium maculate (Poison Hemlock) primary toxicity?
nicotinic
What is the vector for poisoning with the nicotinic toxic Conium maculate (Poison Hemlock)?
birds
Which is toxic with increasing age?
a. Coniine
b. gamma-coniceine
a. Coniine
Which is toxic in new growth?
a. Coniine
b. gamma-coniceine
b. gamma-coniceine
death occurs 1-16 days after ingestion
What is Areca catechu (Betel nut) primary toxicity?
cholinergic
What is the AE of prolonged use of Areca catechu (Betel nut)?
dental decay and oral cancer
Which determines the subtype of glycoside?
a. glycone
b. aglycone
b. aglycone
Digoxin is derived from ___
a. Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove)
b. Digitalis purpurea (Purple foxglove)
a. Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove)
What is Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley) primary toxicity?
cardiac
xenobiotic = convallatoxin
What is Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) primary toxicity?
cardiac
as little as two seeds can produce severe symptoms in adults
What are 2 Tx options for Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander) cardiac toxicity?
activated charcoal
digoxin-specific antibody
Two genuses of terpenes/resins?
Rhododendron
Toxicodendron
Primary toxicity of Rhododendron?
cardiac
neurologic
Which plant is associated with “mad honey”?
Rhododendron
Poison ivy genus/species name?
Toxicodendron radicans
3 main protein/peptides/lectins
ricin
pokeweed
hypoglycin
Ricinus communis (Castor bean) class of xenobiotics?
lectins/toxalbumins
Ricinus communis (Castor bean) primary toxicity?
gastrointestinal
Treatment after oral ingestion of ricin?
- early aggressive fluid/electrolyte replacement
- activated charcoal
Phytolacca americana (Pokeweed) class of xenobiotics?
lectins
What is the most commonly ingested toxic plant lectin in the US?
Phytolacca americana (Pokeweed)
rarely causes toxicity/death if consumed after appropriate parboiling
Which plant causes Jamaican vomiting sickness?
Blighia sapida (Ackee fruit)
primary toxicities: metabolic, GI, neurologic
Left untreated, Jamaican vomiting sickness mortality reaches ___ %
80
Treatment for Blighia sapid (Ackee fruit) toxicity?
- dextrose/fluid replacement
- benzos for seizures
- L-carnitine
Phenols and phenylpropanoids are devoid of ___
nitrogen
Karwinskia toxins are a type of phenol/phenylpropanoid toxin
a. true
b. false
a. true
What is primary toxicity of Karwinskia humboltiana (Buckthorn)?
neurologic
symmetric motor neuropathy
bulbar paralysis
cranial nerve findings are absent
__ is the predominant finding on biopsy of Karwinskia humboltiana (Buckthorn) toxicity
demyelination
Tx for Karwinskia humboltiana (Buckthorn) toxicity?
supportive care
mechanical ventilation prn
Cicuta maculata (water hemlock) is what type of xenobiotic?
alcohol
primary toxicity: neurologic
Hemlock ingestions usually involve children
a. true
b. false
b. false
adults
Ingestion of as little as a 2cm section of Cicuta maculata (water hemlock) can cause ___
status epilepticus
Tx:
- supportive/symptomatic care
- immediate gastric evacuation
- benzos for seizures
___ both increase and block sodium flow
a. aconite
b. veratrum alkaloids
c. taxine
d. grayanotoxins
d. grayanotoxins
___ tend to open sodium channels
a. aconite
b. veratrum alkaloids
c. taxine
d. grayanotoxins
select two
a, b
What is the xenobiotic of Philodendron (common household plant)?
oxalate rawhides (carboxylic acid)
What is the xenobiotic of Toxicodendron plan?
urushiol oleoresins (terpenes and resins)
Which group of mushrooms contains cyclone-tides?
group I
amatoxins, phallotoxins, virotoxins
Group I mushrooms:
What is the most toxic of the cyclone-tides?
amatoxins
causes hepatic, renal, and CNS damage
Group I mushrooms:
What toxin causes GI dysfunction?
phallotoxins
Group I mushrooms:
Which phase is associated with hepatic/renal toxicity and death?
phase III
Phase I = severe gastroenteritis
Phase I (5-24hrs after ingestion) Phase II (12-36hrs after ingestion) phase III (2-6 days after ingestion)
Tx for group I mushroom toxicity?
fluid/electrolyte repletion
dextrose repletion
activated charcoal
Cimetidine is not recommended for group I mushroom toxicity
a. true
b. false
a. true
also not recommended:
- thioctic acid
- pen G
What is given as an antidote for group I mushroom toxicity?
N-acetylcysteine
hepatoprotective effects
