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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY > POISONOUS FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS > Flashcards

POISONOUS FUNGI AND MYCOTOXINS Flashcards

1
Q

Mycoses vs Mycotoxicosis

A

Mycoses caused by frank growth of fungi on animal hosts

Mycotoxicosis is caused by exposure to fungal toxins

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2
Q

Examples of poisonous fungi

A

Claviceps purpurea- ergot
Amanita virosa- european destroying angel
Galerina marginata- autumn skullcap
Inocybe erubescens- red-staining inocybe
Trogia venenata- little white

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3
Q

Effects of chronic exposure to mycotoxins

A

Cancer
Kidney toxicity
Immune suppression

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4
Q

Source of aflatoxins

A

Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus

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5
Q

The major examples of aflatoxins

A

B1, B2, G1, G2

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6
Q

What is the most potent natural carcinogen

A

Aflatoxin B1

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7
Q

Major aflatoxin produced by toxigenic strains

A

Aflatoxin B1

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8
Q

Effects of acute aflatoxicosis

A

Death

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9
Q

Effect of chronic aflatoxicosis

A

Cancer
Immune suppression

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10
Q

Effect of aflatoxins on reproduction

A

Decreases testicular development
increases testicular degeneration
decreses plasma testosterone concentration
impairment of leydig cell function
decreases percentage of live sperm
increases sperm abnormalities
causes morphorlogical repressive changes in testis
decreases reproductive potential

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11
Q

Cause of ergotism

A

Ergot alkaloids from Claviceps purpura

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12
Q

effects of ergotism in humans

A

Gangrene and convulsions

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13
Q

Most abundant fumonisin

A

Fumonisin B1

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14
Q

Which organisms produce fumonisins

A

Fusarium species
Fusarium proliferatum
Fusarium nygamai
Fusarium verticillioides
and
Alternaria alternata

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15
Q

Effect of fusarium on foetus

A

Neural tube defects

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16
Q

Which metabolic pathway does fumonisins interfere with

A

Sphingolipdi metabolism

17
Q

Which enzyme does fumonisins inhibit

A

Ceramide synthase

18
Q

Which organism was patulin isolated from

A

Penicillium patulum

19
Q

Mechanism of action of patulin

A

Induces DNA-DNA cross links
Direct and indirect reactivity to DNA

20
Q

What type of metabolites are trithothecenes

A

Sesquiterpeneoids

21
Q

Fungal genera that produce thrithothecenes

A

Fusarium
Myrothecium
Phomopsis
Stachybotrys
Trichoderma
Trithothecium

22
Q

Which mycotoxin is an enxtremely potent inhibitor or eukaryotic protein synthesis

A

trithothecenes

23
Q

Which mycotoxin causes alimetary toxic aleukia

A

Diacetoxyscirpenol

24
Q

Symptoms of alimentary toxic aleukia

A

Inflammation of skin
vomiting
damage to hematopoietic tissues
necrosis in oral cavity bleeding from mouth, nose, vagina
CNS disorders

25
Q

What type of mycotoxin is diacetoxyscirpenol

A

Trithothecene

26
Q

MOA of trithothecenes

A

Modulates serotonin activity

attenuate or potentiate expression f cytokines at low concentrations

bind to eukaryotic ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis

27
Q

How do trithothecenes cause emesis

A

Modulates serotonin activity

28
Q

which cancer is caused by zearalenone

A

Human cervical cancer

29
Q

Which mycotoxin is implicated in premature thelarche

A

Zearalenone

30
Q

Which receptors does zearalenone bind to

A

Estrogen receptors

31
Q

MOA of zearalenone

A

DNA damaging effect
Polyploidy of cells
Sister chromatid exchange
Chromosomal aberration invitro

32
Q

Which fungi produce citreoviridin

A

Aspergilli
Penicillia

33
Q

Which disease is caused by Citreoviridin

A

Shoshin kakke

34
Q

Symptoms of shoshin kakke

A

Palpitations
Difficulty breathing
Rapid pulse
Nausea
Vomiting
Hypotension
restlessness
Violent mania
Respiratory failure
Death

35
Q

Which mycotoxins can act immediately on contact

A

Thiothecenes

36
Q

Clinical effect of ochratoxin A

A

Kidney disease ( focal segmental glomerulosclerosis)

37
Q

effect of muscarine

A

autonomic nervous system effects

38
Q

In which country did the disease shoshin kakke occur

A

Japan and other Asian countries

CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY (14 decks)

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